Saturday, June 30, 2012

In regards to The Crucible, what foods would have been eaten in 1692 during the Salem witch trials?

Fresh foods were hard to come by in the harsh New England climate, and because many of the early settlers were struggling, they did not eat expensive things like meat very often. Lobsters were plentiful by the coast, but oddly, the Puritans did not like to eat them. Breads baked in small ovens located near the main fireplace were usually part of every meal. There's a theory that ergot, a fungus found in rye flour, caused hallucinations and erratic behavior and was at the root of the witch hysteria, but this theory is widely questioned and falls apart when one considers that entire households would have been affected, and there is no evidence this happened.


Men hunted for game such as rabbits, grouse, pheasants, squirrels, and deer. These would usually be cooked in a stew with root vegetables such as carrots, turnips, or onions, and would hang over a pot all day to cook to a point of tenderness. Winter squashes were grown and baked or boiled and served with butter. Most colonists brewed cider or beer and this was drunk with almost every meal; tea was imported at great expense from England and so it wasn't common among the lower classes. 

In what way is there a sense of futility in the text of the novel, The Outsiders?

One of the major themes of Susan E. Hinton's novel, The Outsiders, is that no matter what happens, things will always remain the same between the Socs and the greasers. As Randy Adderson tells Ponyboy,



"You can't win, even if you whip us. You'll still be where you were before--at the bottom. And we'll still be the lucky ones with all the breaks."



The rumble proves nothing, since lives go on as usual afterward. The rumble does not save Johnny from dying nor does it change Dallas Winston's way of thinking. Darry will continue to work as a roofer, and Soda and Steve will still wind up working in a gas station. The defeated Socs will clean their muddy clothes and go on with life as usual. Perhaps the only character who will change is Ponyboy, who at least shows promise in his classes at school. (Of course, we discover in Hinton's later novel, That Was Then, This Is Now, that Ponyboy continues with his gang-related lifestyle.)


And the author rarely gives the reader any hope that things will change for the two groups. Hinton never wavers from her characterizations of the hard-luck greasers, and the reader gets the impression that although the Curtis brothers may live together once again, it will probably not be forever after. Johnny and Ponyboy's heroic rescue of the kids at the church may have turned things around had Johnny not been severely injured, but Hinton has no such happy ending reserved for The Outsiders.

Why does the Ghost of Christmas Past show Scrooge the boarding school where he was left alone?

Ebenezer Scrooge lives a solitary existence. Rich in material wealth, he has eschewed the company of man seemingly destined to die as he has lived -- alone. Charles Dickens, in his story A Christmas Carol, portrays Scrooge as miserly and perpetually bitter, treating all about him, especially his loyal employee, Bob Cratchit, dismissively and contemptuously. Having depicted his "protagonist," early in his narrative, in such a negative, unlikable way, Dickens then proceeds to follow Scrooge as the elderly businessman arrives at his home and proceeds to his evening routine, all alone. In Stave II, as warned by the ghost of Scrooge's deceased business partner, Jacob Marley, Scrooge is visited that night by a series of spirits, the first being the Ghost of Christmas Past. It is, of course, during the old man's encounter with the first of the three ghosts that he is transported back in time to a reminder of the solitary existence he lead even as a child. As the ghost and Scrooge visit the scenes of the latter's early life, Scrooge is elated to recognize individuals from his past. As described by Dickens, the scene is as follows:



The jocund travellers came on; and as they came, Scrooge knew and named them every one. Why was he rejoiced beyond all bounds to see them! Why did his cold eye glisten, and his heart leap up as they went past! Why was he filled with gladness when he heard them give each other Merry Christmas, as they parted at cross-roads and bye-ways, for their several homes! What was merry Christmas to Scrooge? Out upon merry Christmas! What good had it ever done to him?


“The school is not quite deserted,” said the Ghost. “A solitary child, neglected by his friends, is left there still.”


Scrooge said he knew it. And he sobbed.



This poignant scene in A Christmas Carol serves to enlighten the protagonist and the reader as to the origins of Scrooge's current demeanor. This is an important passage as it reveals Scrooge's inner need for the human companionship he has disdained in adulthood. He is overjoyed by the sight of these people from his long-gone childhood, only to be reminded by the vision of himself as a lonely child. For him, the joy in those around him never penetrated into his soul, and he would grow into a man seemingly content to maintain invisible walls between himself and the rest of humanity. It is this scene, as well as those that follow during the course of the night, that helps Scrooge to recognize the error of his ways and to begin a new chapter in his life, one that embraces those he previously spurned. The Ghost of Christmas Past has shown Scrooge his loneliness as a child in order to display for the old miser the length of the road down which he has traveled to reach his current state of being.

How does the new critics deal with Marvell's poem "to his coy mistress"?I wanna analysis given by the new critics to this poem...

To begin with, as you probably know, the New Critic would focus almost exclusively on this individual poem. New Criticism doesn't focus on the biography of the poet but does allow for discussions of allusions to earlier literary works and even to the place of this poem within a larger poetic tradition (such as the pastoral or love lyric). To avoid speaking about the poet, the New Critic would talk about the speaker (or "persona") in the poem. See the final paragraph of the essay "The Intentional Fallacy" (link provided below) for the discussion of allusiveness. Bruce Meyer's essay (see the second link provided below) provides a largely New Critical approach, focusing on the argument in the poem and on the imagery. You might also want to review Allen Tate's famous New Critical discussions of the poem (I couldn't find a link to these discussions, unfortunately, but maybe you'll have better luck).

Friday, June 29, 2012

Can you explain the quote "An unsought pathos came hand in hand with awe" from The Minister's Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne?

The context of the quote, "An unsought pathos came hand in hand with awe," is the occasion of an exceptional sermon delivered by the Reverend Mr. Hooper from behind his black veil. The narrator tells us that the sermon was delivered in Mr. Hooper's usual mild style that always portrayed a "gentle gloom" but that, in this sermon, there was a special power of conviction conveyed.


Mr. Hooper spoke of "secret sin" and "sad mysteries" that are hidden from families and friends and even from self-awareness, while forgetting that God Himself is Omniscient and discovers all secrets. The congregation felt that Mr. Hooper had seen them in their worst private moments and knew about their departures from what they knew or believed to be right. This feeling--of being found out--filled the parishioners with dread and they "quaked" at each of his "melancholy" words.


Now we come to the quote, "An unsought pathos came hand in hand with awe." Pathos is defined as an event (or other thing) that has the power of producing feelings of pity or compassion. Awe is defined as reverence, admiration or even fear of something grand, sublime or powerful. Pathos and awe came hand in hand means that the parishioners experienced these two very different feelings together. They were compelled by Mr. Hooper's sermon to compassion (or pity) and to reverence (or fear) at the same time. It's easy to understand feeling reverence or even fear: They were overwhelmed by the truth and insight of Mr. Hooper's words and by the insight they gained into their own inner thoughts. So they revered and feared him. But for whom is the compassion and pity felt?


If they are revering and possibly fearing Mr. Hooper, there is no need to pity him or feel compassion toward him. Therefore the pity and compassion is directed at they themselves: The parishioners feel pity for and compassion toward themselves for their own blindness (blinded as though seeing through a veil), for their own folly or sinfulness, for their own foolishness in forgetting God's Omniscience. This also explains why the pathos is "unsought." The parishioners believed their secrets and mysteries were as far removed from reality and their spirituality as they were removed from their own conscious thought.

Consider Atticus’s interactions with Miss Maudie and Mrs. Dubose. How does he treat them?

Like virtually every character in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch treats his women neighbors--Miss Maudie Atkinson and Mrs. Henry Lafayette Dubose--with the utmost respect. Atticus has a true friend and kindred spirit in Miss Maudie who, like Atticus, has lost her spouse and has remained unmarried. They are old friends and Atticus shows his humorous side often with his neighbor, particularly with the "morphodite snowman" and when Jem has practiced his aim on her bottom.



"Maudie, I thought I'd better warn you. You're in considerable peril."
    Miss Maudie straightened up and looked toward me. She said, "Atticus, you are a devil from hell."



He knows his children are safe with Miss Maudie, and Jem and Scout trust Maudie as a friend.


Although Mrs. Dubose curses Atticus and demeans him for defending Negroes and bringing up an "ugly," "dirty" child, he never retaliates in kind. When Jem destroys Mrs. Dubose's camellias, Atticus defends the "old lady," in part because he knows her secret: She is trying to kick a longtime morphine addiction. Her hateful demeanor is due in part to her drug-addled state, and Atticus sees her good side. He treats her kindly when she sits on her porch and when he visits her inside her home. After she dies, he tells Jem



"I wanted you to see what real courage is... It's when you know you're licked before you begin anyway and you see it through no matter what... She was the bravest person I ever knew.


What does, "A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of little minds, adored by little statesmen and philosophers and divines" mean?

This statement comes from the Transcendentalist tradition, of which Emerson was a major thinker.  Transcendentalists believed, among other things, that it was important for each person to follow whatever their conscience told them at any particular time.


The line you quote expresses this idea.  It says that only "little minds" need to feel like they are being consistent all the time.  A greater mind would not be bothered if the idea it has today contradicts one it had yesterday, as long as it (the mind) follows what it sincerely feels at any given time.


So -- the quote is saying that only little minds (like those mentioned) would worry about seeming consistent.  Greater minds just follow whatever they think at any given time.

In Pride and Prejudice, why does Charlotte Lucas talk of “securing” a husband?

In addition to the first answer, Charlotte represents the typical plain country lady from Austen's time period.  These women were raised with the goal of obtaining a husband who could not only provide security for his bride but who also--in many cases (such as the Bennet family's situation)--could provide support for the woman's family, especially if her family did not have an immediate male heir.  While all aristocratic women such as Lady Catherine's daughter and Miss Bingley were also "required" to make suitable matches, their family's security and well-being didn't rely so heavily on their marriage match.


Charlotte specifically views finding and "securing" a suitable husband as a job because she believes it is her duty and that she is not quite good enough for anything else.  She serves as a foil character to the independent, forward-thinking Lizzy.

What are the props in "The Glass Menagerie" ?List all the Props

  1. Glass swan and other menagerie animals

  2. Yearbook with program inside

  3. Cigarettes and matches

  4. Folded newspaper

  5. Typewriter, table, chairs, charts

  6. 3 dinner plates: beans, bread, forks

  7. Ashtray

  8. Alarm clock

  9. 2 pillows for couch

  10. 2 powder puffs

  11. Vase

  12. Telephone

  13. Lace table cloth

  14. 4 sets of silverware

  15. Candelabra

  16. 2 wine glasses

  17. Silver coffee pot, sugar, creamer

  18. Water decanter

  19. 4 cups and saucers

  20. Jonquils

  21. Chewing gum, life savers

  22. Pencil

See the link below as to all the props needed.  There are too many to list given the word limit allowed.


Also, see the previous Question and Answer regarding a production design for the set.

Summarize the poem "Wild Swans at Coole," by William Yeates.

Okay, let's start with taking the poem stanza by stanza and trying to determine what each means:



"THE TREES are in their autumn beauty, The woodland paths are dry, Under the October twilight the water Mirrors a still sky; Upon the brimming water among the stones


Are nine and fifty swans."



It's a beautiful dusk one fall day.  The leaves are changing color and the sky is still.  The waters of a body of water below are reflecting the pretty sky and the water has 59 swans swimming around in it.



"The nineteenth Autumn has come upon me Since I first made my count; I saw, before I had well finished, All suddenly mount


And scatter wheeling in great broken rings


Upon their clamorous wings.



It's been 19 years since the narrator started counting autumn swans on this lake.  Before he/she even finishes this time the swans all take off in a clamor.


I have looked upon those brilliant creatures, And now my heart is sore. All’s changed since I, hearing at twilight, The first time on this shore, The bell-beat of their wings above my head,

Trod with a lighter tread.



Life is a lot different now, for the narrator, when he/she first spotted the swans on the lake all those years before.  Still, they are so beautiful it is heartbreaking.


Unwearied still, lover by lover, They paddle in the cold, Companionable streams or climb the air; Their hearts have not grown old; Passion or conquest, wander where they will,

Attend upon them still.



Unlike the narrator, the swans seem never to age.  They are still pared together with mates, paddling in the water or flying overhead.  They still know the fire of passion and the challenges of conquering the world (so to speak.)



But now they drift on the still water


Mysterious, beautiful; Among what rushes will they build, By what lake’s edge or pool


Delight men’s eyes, when I awake some day


To find they have flown away?



They are glorious animals, but it is kind of sad...soon they will fly away and some other person will get to enjoy their glory while I am left alone.


That's about it, then (at least for my interpretation, perhaps you will find something different in the poem.)  The swans are beautiful and free and seemingly ageless, while the narrator is human and aging.  The swans come to remind the narrator how glorious life can be but then they fly off, leaving him/her alone.  Kind of sad, really.

Describe the setting of the story. Give all possible details of where and when the story takes place.

The setting is an apartment in New York city in an apartment of meager means.  New York is not directly mentioned.  However, Coney Island which is in New York is mentioned in the text.  Coney Island is a very famous amusement park.  In addition, the writer was living in New York at the time that he wrote "The Gift of the Magi."  There is also mention of Della having peered into Broadway window indicating the location is in Manhattan and runs through New York City. 


"before he takes a second look at me, he will say I look like a Coney Island chorus girl."


Jim, the husband in the story has no fob chain for his watch, so Della cuts her hair to enable her to have the money to buy one.  Fob Chains, worn by gentlemen in the early 1900's was a common decoration.  The cost of the couple’s flat, apartment is only $8 but it is a struggle to pay it.  In addition, the story discuses that at one time they were faring a little better but now Jim's salary has decreased.  


"Now when the income had was shrunk to $20"


 The story was published in a New York City newspaper in 1905.  This makes me believe that the timeline in the story was around the same.

Thursday, June 28, 2012

What is the main theme of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland?

It would be safe to say that the central theme is survival and adaptation to sudden change. Many have argued that this is an allegory to the transition from childhood to young adulthood, or from young adulthood to adulthood, which are transitions into complex, and complicated situations to which we have to adapt.


When Alice moves into Wonderland, things are difficult for her. More than just enjoy herself and have fun in the freedoms of being alone, Alice actually went through a series of quasi traumatic event, rare and odd changes, met very strange character, saw things she had never experienced before, and in some occasions she wished she could be back home.


Those are feelings very similar to those of people who are entering a new stage in their lives: Meeting strangers, having to problem solve alone, changes in our bodies, experimenting with things we have never tried, being chased or chasing something not knowing what it is. Those are subtopics that chain into the main idea of surviving change and facing the challenges of change.


Hope this helps!

Wednesday, June 27, 2012

In Julius Caesar, what is a blacklist for?

The two blacklists, which are death lists, contribute important aspects of character development in the play in regard to Cassius, Brutus, and Antony.


Before Caesar's assassination, Cassius feels strongly that Antony, especially, should be murdered along with Caesar. Cassius sees Antony as a mortal enemy who will try to destroy them after Caesar's death. Brutus opposes killing Antony, making a very logical (but very wrong) argument that without Caesar, Antony will be powerless and ineffectual. Cassius's objections are ignored; Antony lives to eventually bring down Brutus and Cassius. This is one of several instances in the play in which Cassius yields to Brutus, while Brutus's logic and judgment prove to be disastrously wrong. Also, Cassius's assessment of Antony's likely behavior after the assassination foreshadows events to come.


After the assassination, when Antony and Octavius condemn 100 Roman senators to death by marking their names on a list, Shakespeare develops this scene to show Antony's political nature. He appears no longer emotionally distraught about Caesar's murder; instead, he is shown to be quite ambitious, cold, and calculating as he wields power. This represents a new, previously unrevealed aspect of Antony's character.

Why we start with profit for preparing cash flow statement?

Cash money are that money which you find in the bank or company. There is always need of cash: to pay salaries, rent, taxes.


A large profit does not mean that there is more cash.


A lesson that all entrepreneurs have to learn the difference between cash and profit. Profit is that money you expect to exist in the organization if all customers pay on time and if properly shared costs for the period. Cash money are those that must always be to ensure smooth business activity, with the ultimate goal of obtaining profits.


In the long term, the profit of a firm may be very small if cash has not a positive level.


The basic rule is: "You can not spend profit spend money!"


Cash-flow refers to the ins and outs of money in the company for a period of time. The management of these inputs and outputs of cash is one of the main tasks of an entrepreneur. Outputs are measured by cash receipts issued when paying salaries, rent and creditors. Entries are that money received  from clients, borrowers and investors.


The ratio between cash flow and turnover is an indicator of short-term profitability of a company.

In P.G. Wodehouse's "The Man Upstairs," who is Rupert Morrison?

Rupert Morison is an incidental character in P.G. Wodehouse's charming short story "The Man Upstairs." The story is about a large-hearted young millionaire who becomes enamored of a young lady he sees walking on the street. He innocently follows her onto the subway and across a Square to her apartment building in Chelsea, England.


Her building has a studio room "to let" (for rent) and so, though he is not an artist, he takes it. It happens to be just above the young lady's flat and, as she is hard at work composing a tricky phrase of an original waltz, he takes to banging on the ceiling with his boot heel in feigned irritation. Eventually this drives her in genuine ire upstairs to express her irritation with his ceiling banging.


Well, their friendship develops better than his painting does and, as a philanthropic millionaire, he begins to do good deeds for herself and another neighbor in the building. One day this Mr. Rupert Morrison, staying at the young man's other flat to write his novel in peace and undisturbed quiet, telephones to the general building telephone out in the hall and demands of whatever voice happens to answer the phone to know what to do with all the sheet music that is being delivered to his door day after day resulting in a "two-yards high" carpet of music.


Mr. Morrison then exits the story as his purpose is only to deepen our understanding of the philanthropic young millionaire's character traits and to reveal to the piano playing young lady downstairs the true identity of the man upstairs and the true source of the myriad purchases of her newly published waltz. At this point, Mr. Morrison is no longer needed because the philanthropic young millionaire upstairs asks the young lady composer downstairs to marry him, to which she eventually says yes.

The phrase "Stark raving mad" is used by Atticus to describe the way some people react when anything involving a Negro is concerned.Scout refers to...

    There are many examples of the "stark raving madness" that Scout refers to as "Maycomb Disease" in the Harper Lee novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Below are some examples.


TEMPER.  This is the most common example of Maycomb disease. Bob Ewell's spitting or Scout's fights on the playground come from the hot-tempered insult and the resulting reaction. Other examples include the talk overheard by Jem and Scout as the locals head to the courtroom for the beginning of the Tom Robinson trial.


PSYCHOLOGICAL.  Perhaps the best example of this comes when Bob Ewell attempts to avenge Atticus's treatment of him and his daughter on the witness stand by killing the Finch children. Ewell is undoubtedly drunk but he is driven by an unquenchable desire to get "the other two" Finches. Although no blacks are involved personally, the attack stems from the after-effects of the Tom Robinson trial.


PREJUDICIAL BLINDNESS.  Surely the final verdict by the jury in the Tom Robinson trial would fit under this term. Atticus has proven that Tom could not have struck Mayella on the right side of her face nor strangled her with both hands. Yet, the jury convicts, as Atticus knew they would.


EMOTIONAL FEAR.  The near lynching of Tom Robinson by Walter Cunningham Sr. and his friends who gather at the jail can best be categorized by this fear. The group of men are relatively calm, and their motive is to hang Tom out of the fear that the court will not do so. Another example would be the missionary circle talk in which the women profess their fears concerning the local Negroes and how the trial will "stir 'em up."

Tuesday, June 26, 2012

What does the husband's ironic comment, "Wonder where it went to?", show about his attitude towards his wife in "Cat in the Rain"?Give a short answer.

It is the way the husband says these words that is more significant than the words themselves. Throughout the story, the husband is lying in bed, reading.  When his wife expresses her desire to retrieve the cat she sees sitting in the rain, he makes a half-hearted offer to get it for her, but he doesn't actually move from his position, showing that he is not really interested in helping her.  Instead, she goes downstairs by herself, and the hotel owner and the maid assist her in her quest to get the cat.  Unfortunately, by the time she goes outside, the cat is gone, and she returns to the room disappointed. 


When the wife opens the door to the room, she finds her husband still in his prone position on the bed, reading.  He puts the book down when his wife comes in and asks if she got the cat, and when she says that it was gone, he says, "Wonder where it went to", while momentarily "resting his eyes from reading".  The wife sits on the bed and begins to lament about how much she had wanted to "poor kitty", but by this time, her husband is reading again.


The husband's lackadaisical comment, "Wonder where it went to", is not heartfelt at all.  It is just an automatic response, giving lip-service to what he should be saying, while resting his tired eyes.  The husband is so focused on what he is doing that he doesn't care a whit about the cat or his wife.  He words indicate that he is wondering about the cat, but in reality, he is not even doing that, and in the final analysis, he should be wondering about his wife, and about where she has gone in her heart and in her mind, while he has been so utterly absorbed in himself.

In "The Jilting of Granny Weatherall," who is the man who cursed like a sailor's parrot and the man driving the cart?I really tried hard to...

The man who "cursed like a sailor's parrot" is an unnamed character who was present long ago when Granny realized she had been jilted at her wedding.  At that moment, Granny was so overwhelmed that she began to fall in a faint -



The whole bottom dropped out of the world, and there she was blind and sweating with nothing under her feet and the walls falling away.  His hand had caught her under the breast, she had not fallen, there was the freshly polished floor with the green rug on it, just as before.



The man who caught Granny, holding her steady until her world comes into focus again, "cursed like a sailor's parrot", and offered to kill the would-be bridegroom for Granny, but Granny begged him not to.  The memory of this man, and the whole experience of being left at the altar, comes back to Granny in the waning moments of her life.


The driver of the cart is a little more difficult to identify definitively.  By the time Granny speaks of him, she is very near death, and her stream of consciousness is extremely jumbled.  The idea of the cart is suggested to her by the sound of Cornelia's voice, which "stagger(s) and bump(s) like a cart in a bad road".  From there, Granny envisions herself stepping up in the cart, and finds herself sitting beside a man who is driving.  Granny does not look in his face; she knows who he is by his hands, and so she "look(s) instead down the road".  By all indications, the man is death, who has come for Granny at last, taking her down the road to her final destination.

How can I write a Project Plan before I start the Project?Tell me the steps of Project Managment and explain them. Thanks.

Different People and companies define the steps of project management in different ways. One way is to divide a project in following four steps.


  • Pre-Project Assessment

  • Project Initiation

  • Project Execution

  • Project Closure

Project starts when the need for a project is recognized. But actual start of a project, it is necessary to justify that resources spent on it are justified. This is done through project appraisal, which is a process of detailed examination of several aspects of a given project before taking it up for implementation.


Once basic feasibility of a project is established top management authorizes start of project. This authorization is based on specification of project objectives and what will be involved in achieving them. This involves creating a well-documented description of end user requirements and deriving a full project plan including timing, resources and costs.


The initiation step is the first package of project related work after the pre-project assessment has been made. It is directed towards agreeing what the project should attempt to achieve, decide what will be involved in doing the project, and reaching a decision on whether a project as worth pursuing. This step clarifies the project objectives and what will be involved in achieving them. This information is also needed to take a decision to continue with the project.


Project Execution step is the core of the project activity. The most important issue in this step is to ensure that project activities are properly executed and controlled. During this step, the planned solution is implemented to solve the problem specified in the project's requirements.


Execution phase involves the production of the project outputs. The sub-steps within the execution phase are dependent on the application area. For example, the nature of work involved in a software development project is very different from a construction project, and the work involved in both these type projects will have very little in common with a community development project. However most of the projects will have the following three sub-steps within the project execution step.


· Design


· Build and Test


· Implement


Design step starts once the project is authorized. It primarily consists of design of the project product and processes. Typically the designing progressively elaborates the project output and processes.


Using the outputs of design step, the work on building or creating the project outputs can start. This is the start of build and test steps. To ensure that quality of the projects output meets the user requirement the intermediate as well as final project outputs need to be tested and approved before transferring them to owners for operational use. Building and testing usually takes the most time and resources of the project.


The implement step is directed toward ensuring that the projects outputs are passed on to the project owners, and is being used by the intended users effectively in their operational work.


Project closure involves gaining stakeholder and customer acceptance of the final products and services, and handing over these to the Project Business Owner(s) for utilization by the Project Customers, in order to realize the project outcomes/benefits. In this phase the project activities come to a conclusion resulting in start of operational activities using the project output.

Monday, June 25, 2012

How fast was Ryan's pitch? Answer in units of m/s.The fastest recorded pitch in Major League Baseball was thrown by Nolan Ryan in 1974. If this...

We can answer this question by looking at the acceleration in the y direction. After the ball leaves Nolan Ryan's hand, the only force acting on it is gravity, in the -y direction.


The equation for distance is d = vt + (1/2)gt^2, where v is the initial velocity of the ball. Since the ball was thrown horizontally, there is no initial downward velocity component to the ball; v = 0.


We know the ball fell .809 m in the time t the ball took to arive at home plate.


.809 = (1/2)(9.81)t^2 --> .165 = t^2


t = 0.41 s


So the ball travelled 18.3 m horizontally in 0.41 s. v = 18.3/0.41 = 44.63 m/s or, 99.83 mph


Note that the official speed for Ryan's pitch is 100.1 mph, thrown in August 1974 at Anaheim Stadium.

In "The Scarlet Letter" does Hester love Dimmesdale?

Yes, she loves him very much.  Think about it.  Despite being asked over and over again, and despite having to bear the brunt of her punishment, shame and degradation alone, Hester never reveals that Dimmesdale is the father of her child.  She protects his identity fiercely, at great personal loss and sacrifice.  This indicates thats she loves him very much.  Later on in the novel, when she encounters him in the forest again, they both speak of love and of leaving together, running away to live where they won't be judged and criticized.  That shows that she is willing to change her entire life to be with him--she loves him.  Love brought them together in the first place, and love kept Hester silent about Dimmesdale's role in the affair.  She knew that if Dimmesdale were exposed, it would ruin his life as a minister, and so many people looked up to him and counted on him as their advisor and preacher.  She didn't want to do that.  She wanted thim to, on his own terms, and when he was ready, confess for himself.  In the meantime, she bore double the criticism, double the judgment, and all of the gossip of the townspeople because she loved Dimmesdale enough to keep his secret safe.


"The Scarlet Letter" is at its surface a tale about a repressive Puritan community, and one woman's enduring spirit to overcome her circumstances, but underneath it all, it is a love story.  It is a tale of two people who love each other very much, in a world that won't accept them for their love.  Hester's love for Dimmesdale was a major force in her life, and it showed in her silence and willingness to go away with him, if he chose.  I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!

Why did the knights fight in the wars a long time ago?

Knights were hired by lords and kings to help protect their land and property.  In exchange, lords and kings would give them something in return.  It might have been land, a castle, or whatever the knight might request.  Most knights were around 18 years old when they were first "knighted" by a lord or king.  They had to prove their skills, and "chivalry;" which meant that they had to pass a series of tests that showed that they knew how to ride a horse and fight.  They also had to fast (not eat for a certain amount of time), and swear loyalty to the lord or king.


 A lot of the knights who fought in wars and battles did not live past 21 years old.  Many knights also fought in the Crusades.  The Crusades were a long war that was started by Pope Urban II.  He was in charge of the Catholic Church.  The pope felt that God wanted the Christians to take back the Holy Land in Jerusalem.  At the time, it was controlled by the Muslims.  Many knights volunteered to fight for Christianity. The knights won some battles, and lost some battles.  In the end, they did not succeed. Many lives were lost.  When guns and cannons were invented, knights were no longer needed, and so they sort of "went out of business."

Sunday, June 24, 2012

Explain how to analyze an entire movie.I also have to determine my own personal criteria for evaluating movies, but I just have a hard time putting...

The first response is a good response, but I would like to say a bit more because a film, while it tells a story, does so in a different medium from a book. 


There are many elements that make up a film, and you can create standards for each and assess each element according to that standard. 


Movie elements include acting, scenery, music, lighting, photography, and editing.  In each case, you will want to examine whether the element contributes to or detracts from the music. For example, if a movie that takes place in the year 1400 has a soundtrack of rap music, would the music make the movie better or worse?  In a movie in which closeups would be important to see people's emotions, if everyone is filmed from far away through filters, what does that do for the movie? 


Certainly, storyline and character development are important elements in a movie, but a movie is a more complex production than a book in many ways, and I would hope that you could look at some of the other elements, too.


Good luck to you! 

Explain, using three examples from the media, the ways in which the media demonstrates a bias, with a reference to how ideology differs from...

In media, spin is a tool of propaganda that is used, usually deceptively but not exclusively, to convince, persuade and manipulate an audience into the belief that an event, action, person, policy etc. is something other than what it in fact is. On the other hand, media ideology is the underlying beliefs, suppositions and ideas that form the foundation of individual's, group's, society's actions, processes or institutions. It is possible for ideologies to be mistaken or mislead and, therefore, unintentionally deceptive, but spin is. by definition, deceptive and manipulative.

Media bias, i.e., tendency or inclination, can be manifest in several spheres of media representations. Bias is the antithesis of (the opposite of ) objectivity.
1 -- Decisions on selection and omission of what stories to cover and/or what facts to reveal about those stories may be made from a position of bias.
2 -- Bias can be shown through placement in the media source. For instance a political issue could be buried in the back pages of a paper or a Web site to subvert the formation of favorable public opinion.
3 -- The wording of headlines, captions and the selection of photo images can all advance a particular bias. For instance, a glamorous photo of an underdog presidential candidate could be selected by biased media supporters.
4 -- In the same vein, tone and choice of terms of address can manifest a media bias, distorting, downplaying or aggrandizing various aspects of a story or fact.
5 -- Source selection and statistics can be manipulated to present a media bias. For instance, a "leak" that either supports or diminishes the party's agenda could come from biased a political party source, and statistics can be stated in various ways to either support or detract.


[For more information see the links below, which were sources for this Answer.]

In "To Kill a Mockingbird" what is the physical appearance of Calpurnia?

The answer to this question can be found in the first chapter of the book, a few pages in, when Scout describes Calpurnia in detail.  Cal is like a mother to Scout, because her mother died when she was too young to remember it.  And, she and Cal have a love/hate relationship--Scout feels like Cal bullies her and pushes her too hard, and gives her too much tough love; however, she is fully aware that Cal loves her, and is responsible for her safety and thriving.  She describes Cal's appearance as such:



"She was all angles and bones;...she squinted; her hand was wide as a bed slat and twice as hard."



From this we get the impression that Calpurnia was a very skinny bony woman with big hands, who wasn't afraid to discipline with swats or spankings when necessary.  She squinted because she was nearsighted, so overall, it gives a very interesting image of Cal.  I hope that helps a bit; good luck!

Saturday, June 23, 2012

What is the Good Neighbor Policy?

I have no disagreement with the above answer, but I'd just like to put it in different words in case that would be helpful.


Before Franklin Roosevelt's presidency, the US intervened militarily in Latin America whenever it wanted.  The US sent military units to occupy countries such as Nicaragua and the Dominican Republic when they seemed to the US government to be unstable.  Our "right" to do this was set out in the (Theodore) "Roosevelt Corollary" to the Monroe Doctrine.  This essentially said we had the right to intervene in any Latin American country if we thought it was not being well run.


When FDR became president, he decided that Latin American countries should be left to control their own affairs, even if they seemed to be doing a bad job of it.  This was the Good Neighbor Policy.

What is the social background of Osborne's drama Look Back in Anger?

Look Back in Anger by John Osborne is a play of the 50s, after World War II and the social scene was rather complex. The world was still recovering from the devastation (economic, human, psycho-moral and so on) of the two World Wars. There was economic depression, end of the imperial era, the beginning of the Cold War, England's dis-empowerment in the political landscape in the post-war context. All this gave the birth to a school of writing that came to be known as the Angry Young Man school. Apart from Osborne's play, other works in the school were Kingsly Amis's Lucky Jim and Allain Sillitoe's novela and some of Arnold Wesker's plays.


This was a kind of Left Wing writing that exposed the social evils, the greed of the power-structure and vented out its acute anger at all this. Porter's anger in the play is  directed likewise. His private anger is also a Freudian compensation for the public. His patriarchal ego being undermined in the fall of the British imperial structure, the problem of educated men being unemployed, the reign of inequality and poverty and all that provokes Porter's reactions in the play.

What did Jem, Scout, and Dill do all summer?

During their first summer together, Dill, Jem and Scout spent a great deal of their time engaged in innocent, youthful pursuits:



...the summer passed in routine contentment.  Routine contentment was:  improving our treehouse that rested between giant twin chinaberry trees in the back yard, fussing, running through our list of dramas based on the works of Oliver Optic, Victor Appleton, and Edgar Rice Burroughs.



However, the threesome eventually became bored with those options and Dill, "whose head teamed with eccentric plans, strange longings, and quaint fancies," inspired the Finch children to join him in forcing Arthur "Boo" Radley from his sanctuary, the Radley house.


Later summers would find Jem, Scout, and Dill continuing their mission to "discover" Boo, as well as becoming involved in matters of varying degrees of seriousness.  The trial of Tom Robinson was clearly the matter of most import to take place in any of the summers referred to in the novel.

What is the expostion, rising action, falling action, and resoulution of the story?

Exposition: Digory and Polly meet, explore the connected attics, and observe Digory's uncle experimenting with transporting himself to different worlds.


Rising Action: They ring the bell, wake Jadis, she enters into different worlds (namely new Narnia).


Climax: Digory is confronted with Aslan and a temptation from Jadis in order to help his sick mom.


Falling action and resolution: Digory passes the test and is rewarded by Aslan. The cab driver and his wife are made the first king and queen of Narnia, and Digory and Polly are sent back to London.

Thursday, June 21, 2012

What does Bartleby want in Bartleby the Scrivener, A Tale of Wall Street?What is his purpose? Does he ever mention it?

The question is not, "What does Bartleby want?" It is never clear that he wants anything at all. The problem all started here:



In this very attitude did I sit when I called to him, rapidly stating what it was I wanted him to do — namely, to examine a small paper with me. Imagine my surprise, nay, my consternation, when, without moving from his privacy, Bartleby, in a singularly mild, firm voice, replied, “I would prefer not to.”



So it's not what Bartleby wants; it's all about what he doesn't want.


There is no question that something is seriously amiss with Bartleby the scivener. But, in this very Kafkaesque tale of the world of business, is there something wrong with Bartleby or is there something wrong with the whole world Bartleby happens to inhabit?


Consider his life. He writes and writes and writes. And what he writes is all copied as if by a machine. Nothing original comes from Bartleby. Nothing. The story takes place before carbon copies, Xerox machines, or computers, where forms had to be hand written and reread over and over and over. And Bartleby plainly states, “I would prefer not to” again and again and again. He shuts down and just refuses.


What does Bartleby want? He wants not to.


He is the reverse image of people who go to work every day at jobs they don't care about doing repetitious, meaningless things and never question what they are doing with their lives for a second.

Wednesday, June 20, 2012

How does the text justify Robert Ferrar's engagement to Lucy when Lucy was considered unsuitable for and inferior to Edward by Mrs Ferrars?How can...

The determining factor in Robert Ferrar's ability to marry Lucy Steele without his mother's intervention is not suitability. The determining factor is wealth. Mrs. Ferrars took an action that liberated Robert and gave him full discretion in his decisions.


When Mrs. Ferraras was so very, very outraged over the news that Edward was not only engaged to Lucy but fully intended to honor the engagement and marry Lucy, Mrs. Ferrars called in her lawyers. Mrs. Ferrars ordered her lawyers to rewrite her will irrevocably cutting Edward out of inheritance. But she did more than that. Mrs. Ferrars also ordered her lawyers to irrevocably fix all her wealth and property on Robert. This means that Robert has full authority to use all the family wealth without any restraints attached.


In other words, Robert doesn't need Mrs. Ferrars permission for anything ever again. One reason Edward was being so cautious about Lucy was because he needed Mrs. Ferrars blessing and permission to marry so that he would not get cut out of her will and be penniless and careerless. Robert no longer has any problem of the sort and so could marry Lucy if he wanted to--and she convinced him that he did want to!


Austen doesn't introduce this scenario into the story as a trivial plot device. It is an important part of her examination of the relationship between wealth and marital choice and happiness. It contrasts, for instance, to the relationship relevant to Willoughby's marital situation regarding Miss Sophie Grey, who has an independent fortune. Willoughby is marrying her for her wealth (and because she is beautiful...). He needs her wealth to live the kind of life he desires. He has no wealth in his own right and the one relative who provided for him, Miss Smith, is angry with him and not forthcoming with his promised wealth.


The dynamic between Willoughby and Miss Grey that contrasts to the Robret Ferrars-Lucy situation is that until they are married, Miss Grey controls her money and uses it to force Willoughby to do what she wants him to do. The similarity of the two cases is taht both Robert Ferrars and Sophie Grey have independent wealth and can use it to manipulate marital advantage.


By developing these scenarios Austen is showing that in England women were bound by what they could or could not provide in terms of wealth and that men could also be manipulated and controlled by the people who held the wealth. Therefore men's choices could be as limited and restricted as women's when the men themselves didn't have independent wealth (she touches on this also in Pride and Prejudice in the person of Darcy's cousin Fitzwilliam).

What are the epic characteristics of Beowulf?

Like other epics, Beowulf is long. It also depicts the heroic deeds of a figure who is human, but still larger than life. Beowulf, like many (but not all) of the classical epics, was not originally composed in written form, but rather passed down in oral form by bards, singers who committed the main points of the story to memory and sang it for small audiences. Like many other epics, notably the Iliad, Beowulf includes long descriptions of the major characters' family lines and histories. The events of the poem, like in many other epics, open in medias res, as Grendel is already ravaging the Danes when the story opens. And like other epics, Beowulf occupies a prominent place in the national lore of the people that produced it.

What is the theme of Charles Dickens' story "The Signalman"?

To me, the major theme of this story is that human beings care about each other but are totally helpless in the face of our fate and/or powers that are greater than we are.


In this story, the apparitions keep appearing to warn that tragedies are going to happen in connection with the trains.  But no matter how much warning they give, the people can't prevent the accidents.


The apparitions symbolize people's desire to help one another.  But their inability to actually help is meant to illustrate that we are really powerless -- that our fate and powers bigger than us will determine what happens to us in the end.

Tuesday, June 19, 2012

Calculate the determinant of this 6 x 6 matrix.{{1,1,0,0,0,0}, {2,2,2,0,0,0}, {0,3,3,3,0,0}, {0,0,4,4,4,0}, {0,0,0,5,5,5}, {0,0,0,0,6,6}}.

First we take out the factor 2 from the 2nd row, 3 from the 3rd row, 4 from the 4th row and 5 from the 5th row and 6 from the 6th row, the obtained factor is 6!(six factorial). The other factor is the determiminant of 6x6 order:{1,1,0,0,0,0},{1,1,1,0,0,0},{0,1,1,1,0,0},{0,0,1,1,1,0},{0,0,0,1,1,1} ,{0,0,0,0,1,1}.


Do an operation  of subtracting 1st row from 2nd row or R2 - R1 and the obtained determinant is:


{1,1,0,0,0,0},{0,1,1,0,0,0),{0,1,1,1,0,0},{0,0,1,1,1,0},{000111} ,{000011}.


Expand in terms of 1st column. The resultant 5x5 detrminant is:


{0,1,0,0,0},{1,1,1,0,0},{0,1,1,1,0},{0,0,1,1,1},{0,0,0,1,1}.


Expand in terms of 1st row, which has 2nd element1 and all other elements 0, as visible above.So the resulting determinant is (-1) multiplied by a detrminant of 4x4 order given below:


{1,1,0,0},{1,1,1,0},{0,1,1,1},{0,0,1,1}


We do the operation R2-R1 on this 4x4 detrminant and we get:


{1,1,0,0},{0,0,1,0},{0,1,1,1},{0,0,1,1}


Expand in terms  first column which is led by the element, 1 and followed by all  o elements. The resulting 3x3 detrminant is below:


{0,1,0},{1,1,1},{0,1,1}.


Expand by the 1st row, which has only 1 as 2nd element, the other two elements are 0's. So a (-1) factor and another factor , a  2x2 determinant, is as below:


{1,1},{1,1} the value of which is 1*1 - 1*1 = 0.


Recollect  all the factors and collect them together. The value of the original detminant is :


6!*(-1)*(-1)*0 and that is zero.


Six factorial times square of (minus one) times zero.

Was Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal policy benevolent? Was this a kind and humane gesture ?

1) Andrew Jacksons Indian Removal Policy was by no means benevolent. It is understandable that the this was a time of westward expansion, but ignoring a supreme court and taking matters into his own hands by relocation thousands of Native Americans is non-justifaible.


2) I do believe that in Andrew Jacksons mind he honestly though he was doing the right thing. It is my opinion based on his actions that he thought of Native Americans as out siders or enemies that did not belong in American Lands. Any time that you use brute force to move people out of a territory and force them to another specific area killing many in the process is inhumane.


3) Yes the government should have been forced to honor its own previous treaties with the native americans. But President Jackson being the comander and chief had complete control of the armed forces at that time to do as he pleased.


4) Did native American have rights under the constitution? Yes Native Americans had rights under the constitution but like African Americans those rights in many places were not followed or believed in.


5) In todays world no. The government can not forcefully remove all of the Indians from their territories but back then they could. In 1834 Congress created the Indian Territory ( present day Oklahoma) because of southward and westward expansion and settlers wanting the federal government to move the Native Americans from the South East to the land west of the Mississppi.  


The Cherokee Nation obviously refused to give up their land, but an President Jacksons army gave them no choice but to leave causing many deaths along the way due to weather, rough conditions, and health. This journey was eventually called the trail of tears.

Monday, June 18, 2012

1

1<3x+2


To solve the inequation above, we have to add the value


 (-1) in order to cancel the free term, 1, from the left side.


1-1<3x+2-1


0<3x+1


We'll move the unknown term in the left side of the inequality:


-3x<1


We'll multiply the inequality with the value (-1), therefore the inequality will become opposite :


3x>-1


x>-(1/3)


That means that  the solution of the first inequation will be the interval (-1/3, infinity).


3x+2<12


To solve the inequation above, we have to add the value


 (-12) in order to cancel the free term, 12, from the right side.


3x+2-12<12-12


3x-10<0


We'll move the value (-10), with the opposite sign, to the right side:


3x<10


x<10/3


The solution of the second inequality is the interval of values (- infinity, 10/3).


It's important to not miss the aspect of simultaneity of both inequations, so that the common solution of the double inequation is found by intersecting ranges of values:


(-1/3, infinity)intersected(- infinity,10/3)=(-1/3, 10/3)

Sunday, June 17, 2012

Where are sperms made in human?Location of sperms and eggs in human?

The human body is equipped with a reproductive system. Both male and female carry different parts essential for procreation.  The male's body generates sperm which is necessary for creation to occur. Sperm are produced in the male's testes.  The testes are located in the scrotum which is a sac that supports them. Testes normally descend before birth, but in instances when they don't, the risk of infertility is present.


The testicles are organs that are oval in shape and lie in the scrotum.  They are attached by the spermatic chord.  Most males are equipped with two of them.  In order for males to generate sperm they need the hormone testosterone, which is manufactured in the testes.  Sperm is produced inside the seminiferous tubules, which are coiled masses of tubes.


The female reproductive system is responsible for the release of eggs which are necessary for reproduction.  The eggs develop in the female and remain in the ovaries for the life cycle.  The female does not duplicate eggs throughout her life.  The eggs also age as the female ages and increasing the risk for a child of an older female to be at risk for a disorder at birth. The female body manufactures the hormone estrogen.  The female body also produces female sex cells called “ova.” Only around 400 of the cells will mature creating the eggs necessary for reproduction. 

Could I have a summary of Chapter 5 of "Outliers: The Story of Success"?

In chapter 5, which Gladwell has titled "The Three Lessons of Joe Flom", he examines the unlikely success of a group of New York City lawyers.  The seeming disadvantages this group suffered included being Jewish at a point in time when Jews faced heavy discrimination, being the poor children of garment workers, and growing up during the Depression.  However, Gladwell explains, in the end these were not disadvantages at all.


As the members of this group were trying to break into the field of law, "white-shoe" firms were only interested in hiring clean-cut, "Nordic" individuals who went to the right schools and had the right social backgrounds.  This forced Jewish lawyers to open their own firms, where they often had to take cases cast off by the white-shoe firms.  These included hostile corporate takeover deals, which the Jewish lawyers became very good at.  When the aversion to these kinds of lawsuits faded and they began to prove lucrative, the Jewish lawyers were in an envious position.


Growing up during the Depression factored into the group's success as well.  Basically, the birth rate dropped dramatically during this period, and the children born had the advantage of the same resources as children born in the previous years but far less competition for them.  This made it easier for them to find work and get into good schools.


Finally, as children of garment workers, these children saw hard work and sacrifice modeled on a daily basis.  Essentially, they developed a strong work ethic by observing the strong work ethics of their parents.  When this work ethic was combined with the availability of educational and work opportunities, this group found that they were able to claw their way right to the top of their field.


Gladwell claims he can use this information to determine the background of the "perfect" lawyer, and does just this at the chapter's conclusion.

What is the relevance of the salamander in "Fahrenheit 451"?

The salamander appears on Montag's fireman's shirt as a symbol of the firemen in general.  The firetrucks, in the book, are also sometimes referred to as "salamanders" because of their appearance.  The name "salamander" is from mythological origins.  The myth says that the salamander could move through fire unscathed.  Since the book, from its title which represents the temperature at which book paper burns, to the end with the destruction of the city by one big firebomb, deals with fire, the salamander is an appropriate symbol.  The daily lives of the firemen in the book's society required them to burn, to deal with fire, and not get hurt.  To take the idea even further, Guy Montag, the book's protagonist, manages to emerge in the end of the story, unscathed by the fire storm that destroyed his old society.  He changes his views from "books are bad and harmful" to "books are good and helpful".  He gets some minor hurts along the way, but he comes out OK in the end.  Just like the mythological belief about salamanders.

What is the characterization of Miss Brodie and Sandy in ''The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie''?

Miss jean Brodie certainly has an extremely eccentric style of teaching, maybe not so much to us nowadays, but certainly for her time. The teachings of educational psychology professionals and teachers such as Sigmund Freud, Maria Montessori and Rudolf Steiner had yet to fully kick in. It wasn't until the 1944 Education Act in the UK that any attempt at child-centred education was formalised into the system. Ye there we have Miss Jean Brodie acting out the role of confidante rather than teacher, best buddy rather than, or as well as, tutor. In some ways she is ahead of her time treating the girls more as equals than underlings and inspiring them.She herself seems confused by her role in the school - unlike Miss Mackay, the head who seems to believe in the old-fashioned style of teaching where we present the facts and they learn them. Miss Brodie acts up to a starring role in some kind of movie in her head where she and her favored pupils are a race apart - even going so far as to tell them they are 'the creme de la creme!' She is not as clever as she thinks she is though and in her confused state where she has blurred the boundaries between friend and teacher she thinks she knows the girls. She doesn't.


All the time, still waters run deep and it isn't always cleverness that wins the day. There are virtues in being observant and wise too. Sandy marks every move Miss Brodie makes and eventually goes a long way to working her out. As a student, Sandy learns to watch and wait - then pounce. She identifies weaknesses and is ruthless.What Sandy learns most about is her own power as a woman, as a girl student and as a catalytic force - but for good or evil?

Saturday, June 16, 2012

Discuss the symbolism of blood in Macbeth from the murder of Duncan to Lady Macbeth's discussion of it while sleepwalking later in the play.

Blood is physical, tangible proof of the evil of one's soul.  It symbolizes guilt.  Blood is connected to Duncan and the criminals' hands.  Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, long after they have washed their hands of the crime, will continue to see blood on their hands and in their hearts.


Macbeth will not go back into the death chamber to smear the groomsmen with blood: "I'll go no more: I am afraid to think what I have done."


He uses blood imagery to comment on the psychological impact of his guilt: "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood Clean from my hand?"


Speaking to Donaldbain, Macbeth says his royal father is dead using blood imagery: "The spring, the head, the fountain of your blood Is stopp'd; the very source of it is stopp'd."


He tries to give dignity to Duncan's death by attaching a different color to the blood: "Here lay Duncan, His silver skin laced with his golden blood"


Macbeth tries to blame Duncan's sons with the crime using blood imagery: "We hear, our bloody cousins are bestow'd In England and in Ireland..."


Macbeth uses blood imagery to convince the murders to kill Banquo: "So is he mine; and in such bloody distance, That every minute of his being thrusts Against my near'st of life:"


During the banquet scene, more blood / hand imagery from Macbeth to his Lady: "Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day; And with thy bloody and invisible hand Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond Which keeps me pale! "


Macbeth says this to Banquo's ghost using blood imagery to describe that which is imaginary (like the dagger), already dead: "Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold;"


And his famous aside, which shows that killing will lead to killing: "It will have blood; they say, blood will have blood: Stones have been known to move and trees to speak; Augurs and understood relations have By magot-pies and choughs and rooks brought forth The secret'st man of blood."

Is there racism in the novel Possessing the Secret of Joy?

Yes, there is racism and misogyny. The last chapter sums it up. Tashi is talking before she is going to be killed for killing someone. In the letter to Lisette she writes about all the suffering of black women and girls that she could not get out of her mind. She wanted the women's suffering to be the subject of a sermon even though the reverend would not allow it. She feels it is unjust to highlight the suffering on the cross of Jesus, when they(christians) will not speak of women's suffering. She felt angry by that, for all the years she sat and listened to his sermons. She said:




I used to think my mother thought about me. But I identified with her suffering so completely it was I who always thought about, indeed was haunted by, her suffering; and because I believed she and I were one, I made the part of her that was me think about me. In truth, my mother was not equipped, there was not enough of her self left to her, to think about me. Or about my sister Dura, who bled to death after a botched circumcision, or about any of her other children. She had just sunk into her role of 'She Who Prepares the Lambs for Slaughter.' Is it cruel to say this? I feel it is cruel; but that it is only the cruelty of truth, speakng it, shouting it, that wifl save us now. If we do not, Africa may well be depopulated of black people in our grandchildren's lifetime, and the worldwide suffering of our children will continue to be our curse. In all my life it has been Adam and his sister, Olivia, who I believed thought most about me. He married me; she is my best friend. But do you know why my soul removed itself from Adam's reach? It is because I helped him start his progressive ministry - more progressive anyway than his father's and those of most preachers of color - in San Francisco, and I sat there in our church every Sunday for five years listening to Adam spread the word of Brotherly Love, which has its foundation in God's love of his son, Jesus Christ. I grew agitated each time he touched on the suffering of Jesus. For a long time my agitation confused me. I am a great lover of Jesus, and always have been. Still, I began to see how the constant focus on the suffering of Jesus alone excludes the suffering of others from one's view. And in my sixth year as a member of Adam's congregation, I knew I wanted my own suffering, the suffering of women and little girls, still cringing before the overpowering might and weapons of cnng the torturers, to be the subject of a sermon. Was woman herself not the tree of life? And was she not crucified? Not in some age no one even remembers, but right now, daily, in many lands on earth? One sermon, I begged him. One discussion with your followers about what was done to me.


Discuss John Proctor and his insight into Elizabeth in The Crucible. Give an example and page number.Also discuss his insight into himself.

John Proctor is Elizabeth Proctor's husband in the play The Crucible.  John had an affair with Abigail.  The girl had extreme jealousy over his wife.  Elizabeth fires the girl and sends her away.  Abigailin anger makes accusations against Elizabeth.  Elizabeth is charged in a frenzied witch hunt.  She could be free if she would tell on her husband.  She is a honest woman who never lies.  Yet, she lies for her husband by not telling of his affair.  Elizabeth can be cold at times but she also has a good heart.  Of preparing a rabbit for dinner she says;



"Elizabeth: Pray God.  It hurt my heart to strip her, poor rabbit."(50)



Abigail has become saint like in the town because she has accused others falsely of witchcraft.  She told John the truth but to reveal it he must reveal his own adultery.  Elizabeth says to John:



"Elizabeth: "God forbid you keep that from the court, John."(53)



Elizabeth had pleaded with John to tell the truth on her behalf when the Reverend Hale visits to scrutinize her.  Elizabeth is being interrogated about her involvement in witchery, and yet, she still does not lie and tells Hale that she does not believe in witches.


Elizabeth does not reveal the truth when she is lied on trial.  Her husband pleads for her to tell it.  He states:



"Proctor: "She only sought to save my name!"(113)



Hale after completing his investigations becomes aware that the people are innocent.



"Hale: "Its a lie! They are innocent!"


In the story "A Good Man is Hard to Find," what qualities about the family are meant to be taken seriously?

O'Connor would want us to care about the family's souls.  She would want us to ask, "Why does this family, if 'saved' by the blood of Jesus, try to save themselves from death?"  Her implicit answer seems to be that most people ironically worry about their souls most when they are about to lose them.  If this is the case, she seems to be saying that we should live every day as if we had a gun to our head.  She certainly did: she was diagnosed with a fatal case of lupus, which was a death sentence that looms over all of her writing.


"A Good Man is Hard to Find" (1955) tells the story of a family en route from Tennessee to Florida for vacation. Through a series of the mishaps by the grandmother and her cat, the family car wrecks near some woods in Florida. Two witnesses from a following car stop to aid the family, all of whom are relatively unscathed. The grandmother identifies one of the witnesses as The Misfit, a mass murderer on the loose.


Her admission is a death sentence for the family. The Misfit's accomplice takes the family into the woods and shoots them. The grandmother tries to save herself by pleading to the Misfit, "You've got good blood! I know you wouldn't shoot a lady! I know you come from nice people! Pray! Jesus, you ought not to shoot a lady. I'll give you all the money I've got!"


The Misfit responds:



Jesus was the only One that ever raised the dead and He shouldn't have done it. He shown everything off balance. If He did what He said, then it's nothing for you to do but thow away everything and follow Him, and if He didn't, then it's nothing for you to do but enjoy the few minutes you got left the best way you can--by killing somebody or burning down his house or doing some other meanness to him. No pleasure but meanness.



Just before it is her turn to be shot, the grandmother says:



Why you're one of my babies. You're one of my own children!" She touches the Misfit on the shoulder, and he springs back "as if a snake had bitten him and [shoots] her three times through the chest.



The Misfit tells his accomplice to throw the grandmother into the woods with the others, adding: "She would have bee a good woman if it had been somebody there to shoot her every minute of her life."

Friday, June 15, 2012

What attitude about totalitarian government do you think Orwell conveys in Animal Farm?

Orwell's attitude towards totalitarian government is obviously negative. However, it is important to go beyond the obvious to look at the more important aspects of his attitude.


To me, the main message of his book is about how totalitarian governments come to exist. He identifies a number of factors that allow them to happen. First, he says that these governments can only come about when most of the population either doesn’t care or is too stupid to understand what is happening. (Think sheep and Boxer.) So he’s saying these governments prey on the weak.


He is also saying that they can only survive by lies and by violence. Without the dogs and without Squealer to help him, Napoleon would have trouble staying in power.


So what Orwell is really saying about totalitarian government is not just that it’s bad – that’s really obvious. What he’s saying is that these kinds of government can only exist if their people are complacent and/or stupid. And they can only survive by lies and violence.

Why does Manuel steal Buck?

Manuel had a gambling addiction. He needed money to feed his habit, while at the same time trying to provide for his family. At the time that the story takes place (late 1800's California Gold Rush), there was a strong need for sled dogs for the Yukon. Manuel apparently was aware of this and knowing what sort of potential Buck had, decided that he could sell him for money. While he was correct in his assessment, one could pretty much gather that this was only a short term solution to the larger problem of his financial predicament.


As the story progresses, Buck is sold on a number of other occasions for varying reasons. Getting to the root of all these reasons, the reader will find money as the overriding issue.


One of the challenges I've found in teaching Call of the Wild for so many years, is the advanced vocabulary in London's writing. As a studnent, it's imperative that you "fight against" the tendencey to shut down because of the language. Doing so will enhance your experience with this classic work.

Who are Scout's classmates in "To Kill a Mockingbird"? (from chapters 1-3)Harper Lee

Since public schools are often microcosms of the larger society of the town that they are in, Harper Lee cleverly introduces the caste system that operates in Maycomb, Alabama, in the 1930s.  In addition to representing the social strata of Maycomb, the children mirror the behavior and thinking of adults who appear later in the narrative.


Here is a list of Scout's classmates:


Little Chuck Little, a boy whose "patience with all living things was phenomenal."  Scout narrates that Little Chuck was another who does not know where his money will come from, but he is a pure gentleman.  When Miss Caroline screams, Little Chuck assumes that she has seen a mouse.  However, she has seen a "cootie," instead. Although Little Chuck "does not know where his next mail is coming from, he is "a born gentleman" who escorts Miss Caroline with one hand under her elbow.


Walter Cunningham, who is immediately identified as poor as the children peruse his face which evidences hookworms. He is a country boy whose father is too proud to go to work for the WPA;  he did not want to lose his land as he would have to surrender it if he took a job with WPA. Because the family is so poor, Walter has no lunch pail.  Walter cannot pass the first grade because he has to work in the field and chop wood.  Continuing, Walter tells Atticus that nowadays he is replaced by another sibling at home, so he can attend school.


Although Walter is poor, he demonstrates ethical behavior; in addition, he is considered of the middle class in Maycomb because his father does own land.  Later in the novel, Mr. Cunningham exhibits this same ethical behavior.


Burris Ewell is the boy who has "cooties."  He simply smashes them with this hand.  When  Miss Caroline instructs him to rid himself of the "cooties," Burris asks, "What for?"  He is absolutely filthy:  "His neck was dark gray, the backs of his hands were rusty, and his fingernails were black deep into the quick.  When Miss Caroline instructs him to read about lice, she also tells him to go home and wash his hair with lye soap and be bathed when he returns tomorrow, Burris laughs rudely and retorts, "You ain't sendin' me home, missus.  I was on the verge of leavin'--I done done my time for this year."  And, the truancy officer simply gets him on the role, failing to make him come to school. 


Seeking to intervene, Little Chuck asks the teacher to let Burris go:



He's a mean one, a hard-down mean one.  He's liable to start something, and there's some little folks here.



Insulted in his perverse way, Burris yells back at Miss Caroline that no one is "making" him move.  This behavior foreshadows the defiance of the law that his father will exhibit as well as the choice of words.  Later, Atticus tells Scout that the Ewells are "the disgrace of Maycomb for three generations."  But, the Cunninghams "never took anything..." 


Burris Ewell and his family reside by the garbage dump.  They are lower in economic class than anyone else in Maycomb.  Of course, Mayella and Mr. Ewell display the same lack of consideration for others.


 Cecil Jacobs is also a classmate of Scout's, but he is not mentioned in the first chapters.  He frightens Scout as she walks to the Halloween pageant in Chapter 28.  Having ridden by car with his parents, he backtracks some to find Scout and Jem, but cannot resist frightening her.  His actions also foreshadow actions by an adult.

Thursday, June 14, 2012

What are the causes and treatment of nightmares?

Nightmare is a dream that occurs during REM sleep (period of sleep during that occurs  rapid eye movement), which causes intense feelings of not exceeding fear, of terror, distress or extreme anxiety that usually wakes the one who dreams.


Nightmares, unlike night terrors, could be remembered and are accompanied by much less anxiety and movement. These terrible experiences, which tend to emerge in times of uncertainty, emotional disorders, depression or feelings of guilt, can occur at any age.


Nightmares occur only during REM sleep. REM sleep stages last longer in the end of the cycles of sleep and most nightmares occur from the middle of the night to morning.


Causes


Particularly among adults, drugs as levodopa, reserpine, beta blockers and antidepressants, as well as the dropping of psychoactive substances can cause nightmares. Alcoholism is also associated in a very great extent with nightmares.Other drugs considered to be determining in causing nightmares could be:


- Medicines for heart diseases


- Antibiotics


- Antihistamines


- Suppressor of appetite, as fenfluramine


- Antidepressants


- Medicines used to treat Parkinson's disease


- Anti ulcer, as Cimetidine


However, many medications can not be stopped abruptly, without major side effects. Medical consultation is required before any changes in their management.


Both at the adults and children, nightmares and night terrors can be caused by unresolved psychological conflicts or traumatic events. They are fairly frequent features of post-traumatic stress syndrome. Emotional traumas that disturb the sleep of children can be neglected in regard to adults, such as loss of favorite toys or hearing of arguments between parents.Although nightmares and night terrors are considered normal in children's development, disappearing during adolescence, frequent episodes at any age require a psychiatric evaluation. Intervention techniques in crisis  may be useful in resolving trauma.


Treatment


Some people suffer from  important psychological problems which cause nightmares. Psychotherapy is important to emphasize the major stress from person's  life , traumatic events from the past or depression that can cause nightmares.When given a medication, it is important that the doctor inform the patient if prescribed medications can cause nightmares.Chronic nightmares were also treated by the method of desensitisation, which makes use of a nightmare remembering and imagining a different end.

What are the themes, climax, and setting in "Passage to India"?

The major themes in the story involve:


1. The ruptured relationship between the British and the Indian population.


2. Racial tension


3. Labeling and stereotyping


4. Human rights and relations


5. Friendship in lieu of differences.`


The Setting of the story is the town of Chandrapore, India


The Climax of the story occurs when Dr. Aziz takes Adela and Mrs.Moore to the Marabar caves in an attempt to show them something about his country and culture that they might admire. However, Mrs. Moore throws a fit when she sees the real state of the caves, gets lost and hurt, and an echo booming in her head sends her spiraling downwards into a deep depression when she realizes how different life is now from what she was brought up. Her transformation process from sweet and caring, to detached and cold, has officially begun with the impact of the visit. Also, Adela goes missing in the trip while she visited some of the caves, and in the process she lost her glasses. Given that Aziz was carrying them at the time, he is accused of hurting her,and goes to trial.

What are some important quotes in "The Scarlet Ibis" that explains that the "brother" hates "Doodle"?

The older brother had love/hate issues from shortly after Doodle's birth in James Hurst's short story, "The Scarlet Ibis." Brother hates his little brother at different times because he is so different from his other friends. Brother wants a younger sibling to do things with--to run, to box and to sit in a tree, among them. But Doodle's physical limitations guarantee that he will never reach the older brother's expectations. Despite Doodle's big heart and the accomplishments that he reaches, Brother realizes that his own ultimate goals for Doodle can not be attained. On Doodle's final day, Brother's hateful streak returns, and he leaves him behind to die alone in the rain.


  • "He was born when I was six, and was, from the outset, a disappointment."

  • "It was bad enough having an invalid brother, but having one who possibly was not all there was unbearable, so I began to make plans to kill him by smothering him with a pillow."

  • "Sometimes I accidentally turned him over, but he never told Mama."

  • "... that streak of cruelty within me awakened. I ran as fast as I could, leaving him far behind me with a wall of rain dividing us."

  • "He had failed and we both knew it... The faster I walked, he walked, so I began to run."

Wednesday, June 13, 2012

What was Gonzalo's part in the overthrow of Prospero?

In Act I Sc.2 Prospero narrates to his daughter Miranda how his wicked brother Antonio usurped his dukedom. Miranda interrupts her father's account by asking him why her uncle Antonio did not kill them both straightaway,



"Wherefore did they not
That hour destroy us?"



Immediately, Prospero replies that Antonio and his accomplices feared public opinion because all the people of Milan loved and respected him and would not have tolerated their being murdered by Antonio. Instead they pretended to exile Prospero and Miranda to a distant land and put them on board a ship; but midway on the high seas they transferred them both onto a leaky boat and set them adrift hoping that they would soon drown:



"Dear, they durst not,
So dear the love my people bore me, nor set
A mark so bloody on the business, but
With colours fairer painted their foul ends.
In few, they hurried us aboard a bark,
Bore us some leagues to sea; where they prepared
A rotten carcass of a boat, not rigg'd,
Nor tackle, sail, nor mast; the very rats
Instinctively had quit it: there they hoist us,
To cry to the sea that roar'd to us, to sigh
To the winds whose pity, sighing back again,
Did us but loving wrong."



The treacherous Antonio had assigned the task of eliminating both Prospero  and Miranda to the nobleman Gonzalo. It was Gonzalo's job to ensure that the people of Milan were led to believe that Prospero and his daughter Miranda were accidentally drowned on the high seas. But Gonzalo being a benevolent man provided them both with all the necessary means and  provisions for their survival. Not only that, he even smuggled out some of Prospero's books from his library so that Prospero could continue his research and studies in another country:


"Some food we had and some fresh water that
A noble Neapolitan, Gonzalo,
Out of his charity, being then appointed
Master of this design, did give us, with
Rich garments, linens, stuffs and necessaries,
Which since have steaded much; so, of his gentleness,
Knowing I loved my books, he furnish'd me
From mine own library with volumes that
I prize above my dukedom."

In Freak the Mighty, what did Loretta Lee call Freak's dad?

Loretta Lee calls Freak's dad a magician.  Her remark is mean-spirited, as she explains,



"He must be a magician, because as soon as he heard the magic words 'birth defect,' he disappeared".



Although Freak seems at first to be interested when Loretta calls his father a magician, no doubt thinking she is speaking seriously and perhaps might tell him more about the man he knows so little about.  He most likely entertains, for just a moment, the idea that his father really might have been a magician, until Loretta so cruelly makes it plain that she is just being mean.  Iggy unceremoniously shoves Freak and Max out the door after Loretta makes her comment, and when the two boys arrive back at Freak's house, Freak says, "acting real cool", that what Loretta said about his father was true.  Although his mother will not talk about it, Freak knows that his father, unable to handle the reality of his son's disability, ran away because of him.  Although he is thoughtful for a moment, Freak reacts with characteristic spunk, concluding,



"...you know what?..Good riddance to bad rubbish".



Freak then begins play around, acting out scenes using his parents and other people in his life as personages from Medieval times.  As he so frequently does, Freak uses his imagination to create a world that is so much more exciting and upbeat than the one in which he is forced to actually live, and draws strength from retreating into it for just a little while (Chapters 11-12).

What are some websites that are for Martin Luther King and two websites against him?

When Martin Luther King was alive, he had a lot of detractors.  Perhaps the most common claim made against him back in those days was that he was a communist.  This was, of course, during the Cold War and so that was a pretty potent accusation.  It was partly because of this that the FBI wiretapped and did other forms of surveillance on him.


Since his death, he has come under criticism from relatively mainstream sources for two other things:


1. Alleged plagiarism in some of his sermons and in the dissertation he wrote to earn his Ph.D.


2. Marital infidelity (captured on some of the FBI tapes of him).


As far as websites, there are a fair number of them out there, and I'll link you to some.  But you should be aware that a lot of this stuff is overtly racist or is posted by groups with connections to neo-Nazi types (I know Stormfront (link 2 is a neo-Nazi group).  I am NOT advocating the message of these groups NOR am I saying that their claims are true.  However, you asked for anti-MLK websites, and these qualify.


You can follow this link for a "truth check" on some of the accusations made by the links I provided:


http://www.snopes.com/inboxer/outrage/mlking.asp


This link has some discussion of why some people opposed making MLK Day a holiday...


http://www.time.com/time/nation/article/0,8599,1872501,00.html


If this isn't what you need, post here, or message me.

Tuesday, June 12, 2012

Discuss 'art for art's sake.'References of different authors

"Art for Art's sake" represents a belief or ideology that creating a work of art is the ultimate objective of art. It implies that an artists creates a work of art to to satisfy some internal artistic urge, rather than use the work of art to achieve any other purpose, either for the artist or for others. Thus this principle assumes that true artist will create the kind of works only to satisfy his inner urge, not to make money out of it, or give any pleasure or benefit of other kind that make use of the for example, by reading a poem, or looking at a painting.


There are definitely some artists who are so obsessed by their inner urge that they create only what they want to create, without thinking about how they will benefit from it materially. In the process, some of great artists have forced to live under conditions of great poverty and died very poor. This also includes some writers who do not publish their writings. However, this principle is also used by many second grade artists to justify the quality of their work. Some such artists also take great care to gain popularity through crafty gimmicks, to create an impression that they do not care for any worldly gains, or for the reviews of their works by critics.

Monday, June 11, 2012

Analyse the comic appeal of 'The Importance of Being Earnest' with close reference to the text.

Earnest is descended from the great comic tradition.  Like Shakespeare's comedies (particularly , A Midsummer Night's Dream), Earnest gives us:



  • A struggle of old haters to overcome difficulty, often presented by young people

  • Separation and re-unification

  • Mistaken identities

  • A clever servant

  • Heightened tensions, often within a couple

  • One, intertwining plot

  • Frequent punning


Earnest is the blueprint for the modern romantic comedy.  It presages the television sitcom--the most dominant form of drama in our media age.  Earnest contains the same wit and humor of Will and Grace, in particular.  It is coded satire on sexuality.  It is an absurd love triangle.  Who loves who?  Who is gay?  Who is straight?  It's like a situational merry-go-round, fodder for an entire series of sitcoms.


It is perhaps the best example of Horatian satire ever staged.  Wilde expertly parodies the "novel of manners" in form and function: the double movement of a ciy man trying to escape the illegitimate and frivolous Victorian society contrasted with the country man who escapes to the city to find a mate works as high and low comedy.


Wilde's voice shines through his characters; his puns, verbal irony, and epigrams--in context or by themselves--ring so true.  As they say, "Irony is militant." His epigrams are funny and yet words to live by.  Algernon says, “More than half of modern culture depends on what one shouldn’t read.”  Wilde presages the information age, the bombardment of words and images.  We could easily change "read" to "watch" or "speak" and the message would ring true.  Wilde knew that we would be victims of an overload of rhetoric which drains us and our language of meaning.

Sunday, June 10, 2012

What are a few signifigant quotes from Chapters 14-20 in The Kite Runner?Could you explain their significance briefly?

In his phone conversation, Rahim Khan says to Amir,



"Come.  There is a way to be good again".



This quote is significant because it indicates that Rahim Khan has known Amir's secret all these years, the secret of Amir's cowardice when Hassan was being attacked by bullies while running a kite for Amir (Chapter 14).


When Amir visits Rahim Khan, he thinks,



"'...the elephant in the room'...Nothing could more correctly describe the initial moments of my reunion with Rahim Khan".



Amir's reunion with Rahim Khan is uncomfortable because of what is left unsaid.  Rahim Khan knows Amir's secret shame, but does not mention it.  Amir also notes,



"Rahim Khan had always been one of the most instinctive people I'd ever met".



When Amir had been a child, Rahim Khan had been the only one who had picked up on Amir's hurt at his father's treatment of him.  Rahim Khan also knows that something terrible had happened between Amir and Hassan, and that the memory of the incident haunts Amir to this day (Chapter 15).


Amir asks Rahim Khan how conditions are in Afghanistan under the Taliban, and the old man replies succinctly,



"They don't let you be human".



In six short words, he describes the severity of the Taliban's oppression of the people (Chapter 15).


Rahim Khan remembers Hassan's words when he agreed to come live at Baba's house with Rahim Khan.  Hassan said,



"Agha sahib was like my second father...God give him peace".



Hassan's words are ironic, because even though he is not aware of the fact, Baba was indeed his biological father (Chapter 16).


In looking at the photo of Hassan, Amir notes,



"...it was in the way he smiled.  Looking at the photo, one might have concluded that this was a man who thought the world had been good to him".



This quote captures the essence of Hassan's character.  Even though he had always been treated as an inferior because of his ethnicity, Hassan never complained or expressed unhappiness at his lot in life.  His attitude was always positive and loving, and he had the amazing ability to appreciate the good things he was given, and to overlook the bad (Chapter 17).

Saturday, June 9, 2012

In "Hamlet" Act 2 Scene 1, Ophelia is greatly concerned over Hamlet's behavior. What evidence does he give that something is wrong?

Hamlet and Ophelia, who before the play had been "dating" if you will, had a pretty close relationship.  Hamlet had been wooing her, and giving her love letters and presents; Ophelia's brother and father were highly suspicious of his intentions. In opening scenes of the play, they both separately warn her against Hamlet, insisting that all he wants to do is get some action from her, not marry her or be honorable whatsoever.  Ophelia doesn't necessarily agree, but, she is a weak-willed character, and agrees to break things off with him.  Before this resolution even occurs though, she describes a very strange encounter that she had with Hamlet.


In Ophelia's description she said that Hamlet came up to her dressed very strangely, with his stockings askew, his shirt untucked, and no hat, and that he was



"pale as his shirt; his knees knocking each other; and with a look so piteous in purport as if he had been loosed out of hell."



So, he's all rumpled and flustered, super pale, and looks like he's just seen a ghost or been super upset by something.  He then grabbed her hand, and with his other hand, felt her face "as he would draw it."  So he's standing there, acting strange, feeling her face like he wants to memorize it, and then, he



"raised a sigh so piteous and profound as it did seem to shatter all his bulk."



He shook her arm a few times, shook his head a few times, then left the room, all the while keeping his eyes fastened on her.


This is very strange behavior, that is pretty much left unexplained in the play.  We have to guess why he was acting so weird, and infer his motivations, based on the clues from the play.  He is really upset at his mother marrying his uncle soo quickly after his father's death.  Perhaps it caused him to lose all faith in all women, and in their affections.  Perhaps he felt that Ophelia too would someday betray him, and so, even though he loved her, he decided to end it first.  But, before that very difficult act, maybe he wanted one last glimpse of her to keep in his memory.  His behavior is enough to startle Ophelia senseless, and prompt Polonius to spy on Hamlet to figure out what's going on.  I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!

What is a poetic counterpart? Or how do you write a poem that intertexts with an essay/short story?I need to write a poem that intertexts or is the...

A poetic counterpart is a poem that is based on or inspired by another work of literature or art.  A poetic counterpart to Jack Kerouac's novel On the Road is Alan Ginsberg's "Howl," for example, as as they both are descended from the same Beat generation.


A intertext is a modern re-telling of an older story, novel, or poem.  An example of this is James Joyce's Ulysses, a novel based on Homer's epic.  Richard Wilbur's "Beowulf" is another.  Tim O'Brien's short story "The Man I Killed" is an intertext with Thomas Hardy's "The Man He Killed."


Or, intertextuality is found within the same work.  For example, Beowulf has intertextuality within it.  The original author wrote a very pagan poem only to have it revised by monks who added Christian elements to it.


So, to write a poem simply base it on a short story in terms of major elements.  Keep it similar to the original, but you must make it more modern, spin it to your tastes, make it fit a new reader.  Texts need to be changed, revised, or added to over time.  Intertextuality is a way to overlay a new theme on top of an old story.

What are two ways Marlow changes on his journey, apart from how he sees Europeans and Africans and the latter's living conditions?

In Heart Of Darkness, Marlow changes in the sense that he moves towards self,whilst moving towards the centre of earth, taking on a whole new perspective as he does so. His character develops as he is able , on his voyage on the sea, to perceive himself and the whole of society with a sharper clarity than he has envisaged it before. The infinite blackness or dark at the earth's heart throws all this into relief for him, the 'scales fall from his eyes' (as it says in the bible) and all of a sudden he 'sees the light.' His long travails down into the earth represent many similar voyages in literature that require a downward spiral to the pits or bowels of existence/earth before the rise like a phoenix from the ashes - and a triumphant seeing/acquisition of some sort of light, usually spiritual. This triumph needs to have a deep and fundamental 'change of heart' by the traveller.

What do you think about the ACLU?

The ACLU is one of the most reviled institutions in the US, especially among conservatives.  For my part, I'm pretty ambivalent about it.


On the one hand, the ACLU is committed to fighting for our civil liberties.  Many of the causes it takes on are very important (of course all of this is in my opinion -- no one can objectively say which of their causes are important and which aren't).


However, it seems to me that, like most advocacy groups, it goes too far at times.  It seems to me that it defends fringe activities on the grounds that any erosion of civil liberties is a step on a slippery slope to the denial of all civil liberties.  I don't like it when the NRA opposes things like the ban on assault rifles and I don't like it when the ACLU fights for the right of an artist to use a government grant to take a picture of a crucifix in a container of urine.


Overall, I'd say that the ACLU is like any other advocacy group -- I agree with much of what they do, but I think they go too far at times.

What is the meaning of the poem "The Swimming Lesson" by Mary Oliver?

On its most basic level, "The Swimming Lesson" by Mary Oliver is about a time that, as a child, some well-intentioned adult had tried to teach her how to swim by simply tossing her in and letting her struggle by herself to resurface and reach the shore.  She describes this experience in dramatic, intense words to portray the shock and horror of that episode:  "icy kick," "coughed," "waves reaching around my life," "lonely fall," "frenzied rising."  The middle stanza refers to a "medieval maxim," which is referring to how back in the medieval days, people used to toss suspected witches into the water to see if they would sink or swim; if they sank, they were innocent, if they swam, they were a witch and were taken to be killed.  It was a rather ridiculous and ignorant practice, just as an adult tossing a small child into a lake and expecting them to magically learn how to swim is also an unsafe and ignorant practice.


Oliver concludes by stating that she learned less about swimming that day, and more about how to survive anywhere--if she can survive being spontaneously tossed into water when she doesn't know how to swim, then she can also survive most anything else that life decides to throw at her.


If you analyze the poem on a more symbolic level, the entire "swimming lesson" analogy can be compared to life.  We are tossed into life and told to live, even though we have no instruction manual, no previous experience, and no warning.  And, living sometimes feels just like that first plunge into water--it too feels cold, icy, frenzied and confusing.  But, as we learn to survive everything that life tosses at us, we learn to "survive in any place."


I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!

Friday, June 8, 2012

In "The Rocking Horse Winner" what does Paul mean when he says he must ride until he "gets there"?

In this story, little Paul is hopelessly striving to, through helping his mother get money, win her affection and love, and to help his entire household to be happy in order to quiet the voices demanding more money.  He takes it upon himself to resolve the situation, and to bring happiness through love and peace--he thinks that can be gained through money.  His mother led him to believe this in the unfortunate conversation she had where she equated being lucky to having money, and how sadly, their family had no luck. The whispering of the house also drives him further into his unusual quest on the rocking horse.


When Paul says he "must get there," there is probably referring to some metaphorical or symbolic place where his mother his happy and loves him, and where their family has enough money to be happy.  "There" could be the fairy-tale ending that all children would hope for in their homes:  happy parents who adore their children, peace and contentment everywhere they turn, and a life of play and joy.  "There" could also refer to whatever place he goes to in his mind to find the winners of the horse races; we don't know how he gets the names, but he does, somehow.  He usually has to ride and ride until he gets the name; so perhaps he is riding towards some destination where the name is given to him.  Unfortunately, "getting there" is, in the end, what kills him.  All of it was done in the fruitless attept to win happiness and affection through money and luck.


I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!