At the end of The Crucible, do you think Danforth or Parris really believed that the witch trials had merit?and, do you think either of these...

Miller definitely portrays the two men as not truly believing in the veracity of the girls' testimonies.  In Act 4, Rev. Parris is just as John Proctor described him--"a broken minister." He cares more about his money being stolen by Abigail than he does about his having a part in the sham trials. While he does try to influence Danforth to postpone the hangings, that is more to assuage his guilt than anything else.  However, the fact that he is concerned that townspeople who are respected members of the community are slated to be executed and tries to stop that illustrates that he doubts the validity of the judges' and his own actions.

Danforth is too intelligent and cunning to believe that he is actually sentencing guilty people to death.  However, he will not humble himself or relinquish the immense power that he has gained to spare the lives of a few townspeople.  He is willing to allow John Proctor to make a false confession so that he can spare him and still look logical to the town. He tells Hale and Herrick that

" 'Postponement now speaks a floundering on my part; reprieve or pardon must cast doubt upon the guilt of them that died till now' " (Act 4).

Danforth obviously knows that he is too embroiled in Salem's issues to back out, and thus, goes through with the executions.

While I think both men knew that the trials caused the deaths of innocent people, Miller's characterization of them does lead the audience to suspect that they would ever admit to others or even to themselves that they were guilty of evil acts.  Both are too self-serving to do so.  On a historical note, Rev. Hale is the only participating leader in the trials who apologized for his part in the Salem trials.

What kinds of societies could be the targets of Vonnegut's satire in"Harrison Bergeron"?

"Harrison Bergeron" satirizes several types of societies or governments.  First, it obviously mimics the dominating control of a totalitarian regime, where citizens have no rights, and the government sees and controls all. The H-G men coming to take young Harrison away from his parents without any resistance on their part is a good example of this. Moreover, The General Handicapper's execution of Harrison at the story's end is similar to Stalin's mass execution or imprisonment of anyone who dared to oppose him.

Vonnegut, like he does in many of his stories, also mocks some aspects of American society, not so much its government, but more so the conformity that is encouraged in American society through mass marketing/communication.  George and Hazel's watching the TV constantly illustrates this criticism on Vonnegut's part.  The author tries to warn Americans that some technology or messages from large corporations or the government strive to "equalize" America.  Ironically, since the story was first published, America has actually become closer to the society portrayed in "H.B."  A constant effort to make everyone equal with no winners or losers, to encourage people to dress alike by following the latest trends, or to buy the same items as everyone else is common in American culture.

Did Baba from The Kite Runner die before Amir published his first book or after?

Baba does not live to see Amir publish his first book.  He does, however, develop an appreciation for his son's talent in the days before his death.

Baba had always scorned Amir's interest in writing.  To him, it was not a manly pursuit, and it frustrated him to see his son engaging in the activity when he would have preferred to see him taking part in pastimes like athletics, which, in his mind, were more befitting a boy's pursuit.  Amir had always known that Baba disapproved of his literary bent, and felt inadequate and unloved because of this.  When he was a child, a family friend, Rahim Khan, had given Amir a fine leather-bound notebook.  In this notebook, Amir began to write the stories of which he was so fond and proud.  In his stubbornness, Baba had been unable to even feign interest in his son's writings; after an initial and especially hurtful rejection by his father, Amir shared his work with Rahim Khan instead.

When Amir graduates from high school in America, he finally stands up to his father and tells him that he is going to be a writer.  Baba is not happy about his decision; he would much prefer to see his son pursue medicine or law.  Amir is firm, however, and Baba has little choice but to let his now-grown son pursue his own destiny.  Happily, Baba mellows as he grows older, and as a result of the loving care he receives from Amir and his new bride Soraya during the last days of his life, he at long last develops an appreciation for his son's talent.  As Baba lies on his deathbed, Amir discovers his precious leather-bound notebook in his father's possession.  Baba weakly tells Amir that he had asked Soraya to bring it to him, and says, "I hope you don't mind" (Chapter 13).

Explore how slavery was brought to the Americas and its important in the early economy of the colonies?

Slavery in a sense was here in the Americas before white people discovered the new world.  Native peoples took prisoners from other tribal or cultural groups, who were treated in various ways.  The Aztecs took prisoners in war for human sacrifice, the Caribs took prisoners to be slaves and for cannibalism, and pretty much all North American natives took prisoners in war and put them to work as, essentially, slaves.  Some would earn the status of free members of the tribe, but some did not.

Slavery as a "civilized" institution began almost as soon as the Spanish arrived.  The Spanish not only enslaved the Native Americans but began importing slaves from Africa as early as 1502.  Slavery in the British colonies did not begin until 1619, when Dutch merchants traded Africans as slaves to Virginia colonists for agricultural products.  The early slaves in Virginia were, however, treated as indentured servants and set free with pay after seven years.  Chattel slavery, the concept of slaves as property in the same sense as livestock, began in the British colonies in 1644 in Massachusetts.

Racism came even before slavery.  The Spanish felt superior immediately to the "savages" they discovered in the New World, and treated them accordingly.  The history of slavery and racism in New Spain went hand in hand.  In the British colonies the story was similar.  The British felt superior to the cultures they found in the New World, although their exploitation of the Caribbean was much less extreme than that of the Spanish, who eradicated entire populations.  British settlers considered themselves more civilized than the natives, but in Virginia the colonists did not consider the Indians so inferior.  The natives were simply viewed as different people with different values, and at an obviously lower level of civilization.  In New England, on the other hand, Indians were viewed as animals without souls.  While intermarriage was encouraged in the South, it was not in the North.  As the legalisation of chattel slavery began in Massachusetts so did the doctrine of racial inferiority of Africans, to justify the practice of chattel slavery.  This doctrine spread throughout the British colonies, also to justify so undemocratic a practice.  The French never encouraged slavery in North America, but did practice it in the Caribbean.

So, essentially, racism by Europeans in the New World came with them, slavery following.  But both concepts existed in the Americas among the native peoples to start with, as they had existed in all cultures throughout history.

What is the importance of Mr Styles in the photographic studio in Sizwe Bansi Is Dead?

The dual theme of Sizwe Bansi Is Dead is identity under South African apartheid and universal identity. The inception for the play was a photographic of a South African man of tribal descent seen in a photography studio window during the years of apartheid. The man was represented in clothes and with possessions symbolizing power that were unattainable for black South Africans under the rule of apartheid. Therefore, the photography created a reality that could only be dreamed of and never attained. During Apartheid, non-Caucasian South Africans were forced to a "Book of Life," an Identity book that restricted travel, living areas and employment. To be caught without a valid Book of Life, which were often spot-checked for no known cause, was to face imprisonment and possibly exportation. Sizwe Bansi needs a photo, and gives a false name to get it, to send to his wife so she can procure him a new identity book because he is without one and therefore stranded in Port Elizabeth, South Africa.

Mr Styles is important because he provides the avenue for Bansi's story to emerge. He also provides the picture that has the potential power to give Sizwe Bansi a valid identity and the power to act like a free person (at least within certain restraints) instead of fearing imprisonment. Styles is the symbol of life as the provider of the necessary documentation needed for a Book of Life identity card. The US also has identity cards like driver's licenses and social security cards but no citizen is imprisoned without one, although it is getting ever harder to get by in life without acceptable identification.

[For more information, see the African American Performing Arts Community Theater description and background of Sizwe Bansi is Dead.]

What is a problem in learning history?

There might be a challenge in the teaching of history and how individuals approach it.  I would terms this the difference between believing in a "Consensus" view of history set against a "Conflict" based methodology.  Those who believe in teaching the former would tend to side with the notion of American exceptionalism and this would be presented in their pedagogy and philosophy towards the teaching of the discipline. In this belief system, the telling of American History is one steeped in the idea that the American model of historical advancement and political/ economic structure is something that should be modeled by other nations.  At some levels, this vision of American History preaches to the idea that history is taught as a retelling of the successes and the glorification of these ideals:  The American form of Government is the longest based Constitutional political structure, its method of capitalist based economics "won" and the idea of the acknowledgment of rights, initiated with the American Revolution and continuning through its history, is something to be taught and stressed to students.

This vision of "exceptionalism" is set in stark contrast to the "conflict" point of view.  In this setting, the telling of American History is one based on repeated conflicts and this notion of "fight" and "battle" is continued in the modern retelling of American History.  Part of this conflict is the acknowledgment of power as being a major element of American History.  If one relents in telling this narrative of ongoing conflict, then there is a likelihood to capitulate to silencing the voices of those who battle in this conflict.

At some level, the challenge in learning history might exist in trying to navigate through both polarities of expression historical truth.  There might be validity in both expressions, and students, when exposed to both, might have a difficult time in making decisions about what to accept and what to discard.  Yet, I would stress that while this is a legitimate challenge in learning history, it allows students to become critical thinkers and gives them a role in the process of deciding how to read and analyze historical narratives of experience.

What is the climax of "By the Waters of Babylon"?

You have asked a very good question, and obviously many will differ in their thinking on this story. For me, however, the climax of this story is John's discovery of the "dead god" in the last few paragraphs of the tale. Following the amazing vision that John has of "the gods" and their lives before the "Great Burning", John describes himself as "confused" - he is not able to understand the reason for the destruction. John's discovery of the "god" and his resulting conclusion that he was a man like him represents the end of John's quest for knowledge and self-discovery, his journey to find his own identity and that of his people. It is clear however, that the way the "dead god" is described in his posture and the way that he would have watched his people die gives John vital truth about the nature - and dangers - of knowledge, and hopefully points our fictional descendants in a different path from the abuse of knowledge leading to the destruction of mankind.

Why does Holden have feelings for Jane Gallagher in The Catcher in the Rye?In chapter 16, Holden tried to call her a couple of times when he had...

There are six kinds of girls in the novel:

1) Girls younger than him that he likes: Pheobe

2) Girls same age as him that he likes: Jane

3) Girls older than him that he likes: the nuns

4) Girls younger than him that he dislikes: Sonny

5) Girls same age as him that he dislikes: Sally

6) Girls older than him that he dislikes: his mother

Jane is about the only girl his age that he likes, but as the novel begins, he's not sure if he likes her any more because she is going out with Stradlater.  He likes the "old" Jane because they were intimate: not sexually, but emotionally--with secrets.

He may be one of the few who knows about Jane and her stepfather, that he physically abuses her.  In receipt of this secret, Holden kisses her all over the face: everywhere except the lips.  This is a sweet thing to do, but it's also very childish.  As you know, Holden is a conservative, fixated on the past and childhood things.

He also likes the way Jane keeps her kings in the back row.  This too is a conservative, child-like strategy; it is a way of never winning or losing.  It's quirky.  If you think of the kings as Jane's adulthood, or even her sexuality, Holden wants her never to grow up, or never to lose her sexual innocence.  You can say that Holden runs away from Pency because of Jane's potential sexual awakening as much as anything else.  Why else would she date a "player" like Stradlater?

Holden is deeply upset at Jane for this, whether he wants to admit it or not.  Which other girl does he run to in the subsequent chapters?  His little sister.  She is a younger version of Jane.  He tries to protect her too: from the word "Fu@k."  He wants all young girls to spin on that carousel: protected, never growing older.

It's not so much that girls are so complex.  He is not complex enough for them.  Holden is so immature that he doesn't come close to understanding them, mainly because of his conservative denial of their maturity.

What could be some other possible conclusions to "Pride and Predudice"?

The answer to this question is difficult, because we have to suspend any knowledge or association with Jane Austen's style of writing, her major themes, and the way that all of her works show her typical "endings" and morals to stories.  Most of Jane Austen's, if not all of them, end happily, with the main female lead ending up with the right guy.  The patient, kind, overlooked females end up with the best men, and are happy.  Silly girls either end up with silly men, or learn to not be silly and value good men for their worth.  Most of her novels, also, have the charismatic, charming guy that turns out to be evil or corrupt or immoral some way, who, in the end, DOESN'T get what they were striving for (usually money, through the means of a woman with an inheritance).  So in order to hypothetically conjecture other possible endings, we have to leave those typical endings of Austen's behind.

There are possible changes to the story.  Maybe Wickham and Lydia don't get married; in other Austen novels, similar shallow females like Lydia have been shunned by their lovers and had to live in dishonor with their ruined reputations.  Wickham could have gone on to marry someone rich--I've always thought it odd that Wickham, such an obviously greedy character, ran away with the poor Lydia at all.  It doesn't really fit; he would have found a wealthy girl to prey upon, and Lydia was not wealthy.  So, I could see Wickham leaving Lyddie and marrying a young girl instead.  I could also see someone other than Mr. Bingley marrying Jane; she was pretty, kind, and Bingley had been convinced she didn't care for him--Jane could have ended up with someone else, and been happy.

However, both of these events--Jane's marriage to Bingley, and Lydia's to Wickham, serve to restore Mr. Darcy in Elizabeth's good favor.  So one has to ask, if Mr. Darcy hadn't coerced Wickham into marrying Lydia (to restore her reputation), and persuaded Bingley that Jane really DID love him, would Elizabeth have changed her opinion of Darcy?  Probably not, and if so, Austen would have had to include other eventualities to tweak her opinion of him.

I hope that these thoughts helped; good luck!

How does "She Walks in Beauty" reflect or differ from what Byron believes about the woman?

My answer to this intriguing question is another question:  how could it possibly differ?  As I read this poem this is Byron being his most sincere.  I detect no possible sarcastic or satiric undertones in this quite restrained (for Byron,) lovely poem.

All the poetic images and allusions point clearly to the woman he describes being every bit as mild, calm, and beautiful as a starry night.  That he would choose the night to compare a beautiful woman (the subject was presumably a young dark-haired woman wearing a dress with shiny spangles on it) is a bit self-conscious (compare Shakespeare's "Shall I compare thee to summer's day"? , Sonnet 18, or "Juliet is the sun" Romeo and Juliet Act 2 Scene 2), but it is nevertheless apt and very effective.  Certainly a starry night can be every bit as beautiful as a sunny day -- so why could he not compare a woman to the night (which is a standard tenet of Asian philosophy, the dark being female, but I'm not sure Byron knew this)?

The discussion of her outward beauty progresses away, in a most uncynical fashion, to a paean to what Byron believes what must be her complete and inherent goodness of soul. 

The smiles that win, the tints that glow
But tell of days in goodness spent
A mind at peace with all below,
A heart whose love is innocent.

This particular brand of gentle, unshowy beauty, Byron argues, must mean that she is of particular innocence, purity, and goodness.  He expresses no desire for her, or speaks of anything social about the woman except her uprightness.  He admires her both like a great work of art and as a (secular) saint -- as a pattern for both outward and inward beauty.  It's possible that it could be argued that the historical Byron mistreated women so badly that he couldn't possibly have felt such pure admiration for any woman; the poetic Byron expresses just such an emotion very eloquently.

How many days did the pilgrimage talked about in The Canterbury Tales usually take?

Unfortunately, there is no "usual" because each pilgrim in Chaucer's pilgrimage of tales began from a different location. It was a fluke that the pilgrims all happened upon the inn at the same time and decided to continue together. But the distance from the inn in Southwerk, England to the Cathedral in Canterbury, England is about 60 miles. An average walker can walk 3-5 mile an hour. At that pace, 60 miles could be covered in between from 12 to 20 hours of walking (not chronological hours).

Chaucer's emphasis in The Canterbury Tales is not on the pilgrimage but rather on the tales that are being told and, by extension, on the tale tellers. There is scant information in The Canterbury Tales to let us know the chronological progress of the pilgrimage. If you can't find enough information to keep abreast of the pilgrims' progress, it's because it's not there.

What Chaucer does emphasize though is the qualities, characteristics and class of the tale tellers. One way he does this is through their vocabulary, another way is through their rhetorical style. The upper class speakers, like the knight, have vocabulary distinctions that identify their class, for instance, the use of the word "lady" instead of "wenche." Additionally, Chaucer matches the rhetorical complexity to the class of the speaker, although, some of the tales of the lower class speakers, like the miller and the nun's priest, have surprising rhetorical complexity.

You can read more about this interesting information at Wapedia.com.

Why would learning to read and write cause one to desire freedom?Speculate also about how a culture based in Christian theology (God took the form...

In addtion to my agreeing with egraham 17, Learning to read and write causes a person to become more articulate about the experiences that heor she encounters, and when one person becomes more articulate, his or her mind becomes open to new possibilities of existence outside the circles in which he/she was raised in, and when new possibilities enter a persons mind, naturally the person will want to experience more, and have more freedom to explore.  Moreover, as I posted elsewhere, "Writing a narrative is very important for the individual writer and for the audience who reads the writer’s narratives.  Writing a narrative allows each individual to explore his or her own inner self and come to some sort of realization of epiphany about his/her life.  It is my belief that narratives allow each individual writer to re-live a fragment of his/her past life or past beliefs, which results in a responsible acceptance of that past and move forward with higher character, higher self-esteem, and higher knowledge, as with Fredrick Douglas.  After all, literature is one of the only things that we have in this world that attempts to make sense of all the issues in life (e.g. love, loss, war, peace, death, happiness, sadness, birth, marriage, divorce, etc) that we go through, and we do not always understand  how to articulate those issues;  therefore, writing our own narratives helps us come to terms with various issues, and reading the writer’s work instills new ideas of how to articulate an experience that possibly has been shared between writer and reader."  Therefore, we become more free to think outside the box just by seeing the power of words, the power to evoke an emotion.

"You speak, my friend, with a strange earnestness." Who said this in The Scarlet Letter? Who did they say it to? What does it mean?It's a quote in...

The line that you cite is spoken by Roger Chillingworth.  He says it to Dimmesdale.

The context here is that the two of them are talking with the Governor and some others.  They have been talking to Hester, trying to decide whether she is a "fit mother."  If they decide she is not, they will take Pearl away from her.

Dimmesdale has just said that Hester should keep the child for the sake of Hester's own soul and because that is how God has set things up.

Roger's line here is just commenting on what Dimmesdale said.  He's saying that Dimmesdale seems unusually or strangely serious (earnest).  This is significant because we know that Dimmesdale is actually Pearl's father and that is probably why he is so earnest on this subject.

In the 21st century, it is increasingly argued that true marketing - a new type of moral marketing - must replace the existing way of carrying out...

Starting from second half of the twentieth century, there has been increasing focus on the ethical and morality issues in business. As a matter of fact, development of marketing concepts have has made a deep impact on the need provide value and service to the customer rather than just make them part with their money.

The pressure of ethical business and marketing has developed because of several reasons. Among others it includes the following:

• The growing power and capability of companies because of their growing size, use of mass-communication mediums, better insight into human mind provided by behavior scientists. There have been allegations that such power is often used by businesses to manipulate mind and behavior of people in imperceptible ways, than actually causes more harm than good.


• Growing awareness of the harmful effect of changes in lifestyles and habits brought about by aggressive marketing. For example, obesity and other health problems caused by junk food.


• Growing adverse impact of business and industry on environment.


• Growing awareness of people about the possible risks posed by big irresponsible behavior of big businesses, and their growing activism to ensure better future for themselves and the posterity.

I have not come across the idea of nine steps of true marketing ladder. Different writers on marketing have classified the stages of development of marketing in different ways. One such scheme is given by Kotler in his very popular book Marketing management coauthored with Keller. Kotler identifies the following five stages of development of modern marketing concept:

1. Production Concept


2. Product Concept


3. Selling Concept


4. Marketing concept.


5. Holistic marketing concept.

The holistic concepts, which represents the the latest and best practices in marketing, and which explicitly pays deliberate attention to moral and ethical aspects of business, incorporates four broad themes.

• Relationship marketing


• Integrated marketing


• Internal marketing


• Social responsibility marketing.

All these four themes of holistic marketing are totally in line with the best moral and ethical behavior. However the social responsibility marketing pays special attention to these issues. It requires close attention to ethical, environmental, legal and social implication of business. Businesses are expected to deliver high value to their customers and safeguard the interests of all the stakeholders. In addition. they are also required to play a positive role in general social welfare.

Source:

Kotler P. and Keller K.L. (2006), Marketing Management, Twelfth Edition, Pearson education, Delhi.

What are some of Sigmund Freud's contributions?

Even though many of Freud's psychological theories have been discredited, Freud played an integral and massively important role in the development, progression and fame of psychology.  Freud is the father of psychoanalysis, which is a branch of psychology that focuses mostly on the concept that many of our deep psychological issues lie buried beneath accessibility, in our subconscious.  Any trauma, mental illness, hang-ups or issues that one has are contained within the subconscious mind, and can be accessed only through intensive psychotherapy with a trained psychologist.  Freud believed that in order to understand yourself, you had to dig deep and bring those issues to the surface in order to analyze them.  He used dream interpretation (writing one of the first books on dream therapy, called "The Interpretation of Dreams" which is still widely read today), hypnosis, transference, stream-of-consciousness sessions, and free association in order to access people's subconscious.

In addition to founding psychoanalysis, which is still in practice on a very large scale today, Freud also came up with numerous psychological theories that at the most effectively explained human behavior, and at the least sparked widespread controversy that helped people to discuss solutions and issues.  He developed the "Oedipus complex," which suggested that all children are secretly in love with their opposite sex parent, and hence want to kill of the other parent.  Tagging along with this highly controversial theory were other child development theories that all centered around oral and genital fixations, stages that all children go through in their development.  From these theories stem the now widely-used terms such as "oral fixation" and "anal-retentive."  He also came up with the famous ego, id, and super-ego concept of human behavior, the id representing animalistic desires, the super-ego representing societal constraints, and the ego being the mediator between the two.

These comments refer to just a small portion of Freud's contributions.  I can confidently assert that Freud is the most discussed psychologist of all time, whose contributions to the field surpass any other's in terms of influence, controversy and impact.  I hope that those thoughts helped a bit; good luck!

Describe the ways Krebs spends his days in "Soldier's Home".

When Krebs first returns home, he "(does) not want to talk about the war at all".  After awhile, however, he finds he has a "need to talk but no one want(s) to hear about it".  To this end, it would seem that he makes some attempt at socializing, going to the pool room, and talking to old acquaintances "in the dressing room at a dance".  Very quickly, though, Krebs discovers that people are "not thrilled with his stories", and he retreats into his parents house, for the most part watching the world go by from within its safe confines.  Krebs develops a routine during the late summer,

"sleeping late in bed, getting up to walk down town to the library to get a book, eating lunch at home, reading on the front porch until he be(comes) bored and then walking down through the town to spend the hottest hours of the day in the cool dark of the pool room".

Krebs likes to watch the young girls go by as he sits on his front porch reading; his interest is innocent, and, like everything he does, detached.  He thinks he might like to have a relationship, but does not want it enough to put any effort into it; "he (does) not want to have to do any courting...he (does) not want any consequences".  His experiences during the war have left him empty, and he feels that he no longer belongs in the world as it exists around him.  Krebs spends his days in a safe cocoon of his own making, observing his surroundings but making no connections.

How might Gregor benefit from his metamorphosis into an insect?

Gregor's life is characterized by giving to others. He works to support his family, while they do afford him the respect or appreciation he feels he deserves. Thus, in becoming an insect, he has been freed from this repressive lifestyle. No longer can his parents use him until he is empty: he cannot offer anything to them anymore. Even though he suffers under their cruelty and neglect, he has all the freedom he has ever wanted. He roams about his room much of the day, which seems to offer him some pleasure.

This transformation forces his family to take notice of him, but the irony is that he is no longer himself, and they have even less desire to be near him now. He is finally paid the attention that he wanted all along, although not in the way he intended. Beyond that though, Gregor experiences life in much the same way after his transformation. He still commits the ultimate sacrifice by killing himself for his family. After his death, his parents turn to his sister to provide the same support for nothing, just like he did.

Comment upon the shadow imagery in Chapters 17 - 24 in A Tale of Two Cities.

The shadow imagery that is employed in these chapters comes to refer to the past suffering of Dr. Manette, but also how this suffering still casts a shadow on the future of Dr. Manette and, in particular, his son in law and daughter.

The first mention of shadows comes in Chapter 17, which records a conversation one night between Dr. Manette and Lucie after Darnay and Lucie´s engagement has been confirmed. The irony of this conversation is that Dr. Manette talks to Lucy about his suffering for the first time, showing that he has began to put it behind him. Talking of the inevitability of her engagement, Dr. Manette says:

"Or, if it had been no other, I should have been the cause, and then the dark part of my life would have cast its shadow beyond myself, and would have fallen on you."

Ironically of course, we later find out that the precise reason for Dr. Manette´s suffering in the Bastille is of course a shadow that does fall upon Lucie and her husband, because of Dr. Manette´s involvement with the Evremonde family. However, more immediately, the shadow comes to fall on Dr. Manette again when Darnay and Lucie leave for their honeymoon in the following chapter. We are told that after a private conference with Darnay, he emerges changed:

He was so deadly pale - which had not been the case when they went in together - that no vestige of colour was to be seen in his face. But, in the composure of his manner he was unaltered, except that to the shrewd glance of Mr. Lorry it disclosed some shadowy indication that the old air of avoidance and dread had lately passed over him, like a cold wind.

Dr. Manette´s "relapse" in this Chapter does not bode well for the future of his daughter´s marriage, and is used to foreshadow the imprisonment and potential threat against Charles Darnay that "shadows" him. Thus the shadow imagery is used to foreshadow future disaster and threats. Although Dr. Manette has tried to put his past suffering behind him, the reasons behind that suffering, and in particular the relationship and responsibility of the Evremonde family of that suffering, means that his experience of imprisonment continue to dog both him and his daughter and son-in-law.

From "To Kill a Mockingbird," write a letter to Atticus, as Tom Robinson's wife.Please keep in mind that Helen can't read or write too well.

As you compose this letter, it will be helpful to try to put yourself in her shoes for a moment, to get a feel for how she must be feeling.  Imagine that your hard-working, honest, kind husband has been falsely accused of brutally raping and beating a woman that, in reality, he had just been trying to help.  You know that your husband is innocent, but at the same time, you know that he will be convicted, because of the color of his skin.  The father of your children, the man that you love, the provider of shelter, money and food, is going to go away forever for no good reason at all.  And to make it worse, he'll be thought of as a vicious criminal.  Basically, your life is ruined.

Then, think of how Atticus, a white man, stepped up to the case and pretty much proved to everyone there that Tom was innocent.  It didn't change the verdict, but at least everyone would know, in their hearts, the truth of the matter.  Atticus helped you to at least restore the reputation and honor of your husband.  Atticus defended and did what was almost impossible:  showed the racists for who they were, and your husband for the good man that he was.  Imagine your gratitude.  Imagine the comfort that you would take from that.

Now, take all of those feelings and thoughts that you felt while putting yourself into her shoes, and I would write it down in the most simple, basic terms possible.  Since Helen can't read or write well, express yourself in words that are very simple, easy to understand, and uncomplicated.  If you want to say more, pretend that someone is writing the letter for her as she says her thoughts out loud--mention that in the letter.  So for example, "Dear Mr. Atticus:  I am having Calpurnia write down my thoughts, because I can't write well, and I wanted to say thank you in the best way that I could."  That way, you can have the letter not be limited by her weakness in writing. In the letter, express the sentiments above--your hopelessness at the case, your anger over your husband's reputation being ruined, your belief in his innocence, your gratitude for Atticus and the case he presented, your expressions that he is a good man and will be blessed, and that derived great comfort from the case and how it repaired your husband's reputation.

I hope that those thoughts can help to get you started; good luck!

What are the functions of Frontal Lobe?

Frontal Lobe is the most anterior lobe of the brain.

• posterior boundary is the fissure of Rolando, or central sulcus,

which separates it from the parietal lobe

• Inferiorly, it is divided from the temporal lobe by the fissure of

Sylvius which is also called the lateral fissure.

• This lobe deals with higher level cognitive functions like reasoning

and judgment.

• The frontal lobe contains several cortical areas involved in the

control of voluntary muscle movement, including those necessary

for the production of speech and swallowing.

What is meant by Sales Promotion? Describe briefly various methods of sales promotion tools. Explain any four methods of sales promotion.

Sales promotion consists of short term incetives to encourage the purchase or sales of a product or service thus offering reasons tpo buy product or services now. Using different methods of promotion such as; giving away coupons, offering discounts, cash refunds, patronage rewards and samples makes customers decide to buy now.

What is the theme of "The Summer of the Beautiful White Horse"?

One of the themes of Saryoan's short story is the idea of redemption through actions.  There is little doubt that Aram and Mourad did wrong by taking the horse.  However, one of the most compelling elements of the story is that John Byro, the horse's owner, does not seek vengeance or extreme retribution for the actions.  He understands that the boys understand that they should be accountable for their actions.  In fact, the boys' taking of the horse results in the horse being better trained and also in greater conditioning.  The redemptive powers of forgiveness, understanding, and community are themes that are enhanced through the short story.

Explain the theme of identity and self-wood based on the three stories "The Story of an Hour," "Bliss," and "The Yellow Wallpaper".

All three of these stories have women who, up to the point of the story being told, had most of their self-worth and image based on other people.  It is being a wife that defines most of their roles.  Also, they find themselves, as each story progresses, becoming discontented with their old role as wife, and discover that their self-worth needs to be based on other things.

In "The Yellow Wallpaper," the narrator is a woman who is most likely suffering from post-partum depression, or from anxiety, who finds herself, at the manipulations of her husband, out in the country in a strange house and room, cloistered off from society or work.  She struggles the entire story to be the "happy, obedient wife."  In the end, she completely loses her entire identity, as she merges with the hallucinated figure in the wallpaper.  We see a woman who, because she was not allowed to be herself, to fulfill what made her happiest, went a bit mad and lost any sense of identity altogether.

In "The Story of an Hour," there is Louise Mallard, who, upon hearing the news of her husband's death, feels exhilarating freedom and bliss.  She realizes that she had been repressed, not happy being a wife, and now she was "free, free!" to live as she pleased.  Her self worth and identity had been wrapped up in her husband, and in her role as a wife; that was unfulfilling for her, and she felt the happiness of the freedom to find her own identity, free of other people.  She is excited as she begins this journey.

In "Bliss," we have Bertha, who is completely and totally happy, so she thinks, in her role as wife and friend. She feels confident in her station in life, and assured of her love for others and of being loved.  But, as she soon realizes that those assumptions about her life were completely wrong, her self worth and identity crumble around her as she learns of her husband's affair.  She has to completely re-evaluate what she had previously taken for granted; she has to start from scratch in her search for esteem, worth and identity.

I hope that those thoughts helped a bit; good luck!

What happens in Chapter 17 of The Egypt Game?

In Chapter 17, entitled "The Oracle Speaks", the Egyptians meet in the alley and enter Egypt all together so no one will have a chance "to fool around with the Oracle before everyone (is) there".  April takes charge, handing out costumes to everyone, then she begins the proceedings.  Ken, who yesterday left a question for the Oracle by writing it on a piece of paper and slipping it into Thoth the Owl's beak, is a famous general, and the rest of the children are priests and attendants of the Oracle.  As the high priestess, April leads a procession around the yard, then approaches the altar alone. 

April bows low before the Oracle, and, after performing an elaborate ceremony, begins a chant in which the others join in.  Suddenly she cries, "Stop!", and proclaims that "the mighty Thoth has heard (them)".  Taking the message from the beak of the owl, she reads it carefully, then turns it over and is shocked at what she finds on the other side.  Angrily, she stomps out of the temple, and when the others follow, she confronts them, asking which of them touched the message after it was placed in Thoth's beak yesterday.  April shows the Egyptians the message.  On one side is the question Ken had written, but on the back is a cryptic response in an unfamiliar handwriting.  Everyone proclaims their innocence, and an argument ensues.  Melanie finally makes peace by suggesting that they try the whole thing again, only this time they will all watch each other carefully to make sure no one goes back to write an answer.

April decides on a question and writes it on a clean sheet of paper, showing the others that the back of it is clear before she folds it and presents it to Toby, who will place it in Thoth's beak.  Even though everyone is certain that one of them is the culprit, there is an atmosphere of spookiness as they go through their ritual.  Suddenly the Egyptians are startled by a "huge shuddering thumping noise".  They run outside and discover that it is thunder, and that it is beginning to rain.  Quickly, they scramble for the hole in the fence, anxious to get out of Egypt (Chapter 17).

Quotes on topics including: commitment and loyalty, mass hysteria, and power of suggestion of the novel The Crucible by Arthur Miller.I'm looking...

The courtroom scene is a hard one to pinpoint individual quotes in, as the power of it lies in the interaction between the girls, Judge Danforth and the Proctors. But if you are looking for support of the mass hysteria, you could use Mary's confession before she gets frightened and goes back to Abby's "side" --

"MARY: I… I cannot tell you how, but I did. I… I heard the other girls screaming, and you, your Honor, you seemed to believe them and I… It were only sport in the beginning, sir, but then the whole world cried spirits, spirits, and I… I promise you, Mister Danforth, I only thought I saw them but I did not".

I would simply state that Mary shows honesty here only once, despite her fears of the repercussions of Abigail and the crazed townspeople, but she finds the pressure of the mass hysteria to be too much.

In fact, it's a little bit ironic, as she tells the truth in the above quote...when she'd gone along with Abigail before, she truly believed that there were spirits. She tricked herself into believing.

BUT, after she tells the truth, she lies...she consciously chooses to "see" spirits, to see lies.

In the book The Great Gatsby, why does Gatsby start throwing shirts on his bed?What does this symbolize?

The quote comes in the middle of Ch. 5, after Daisy and Gatsby are reunited for the first time in years. Throughout the reunion, he points out his obvious trappings of wealth in an attempt to impress Daisy. The shirts are no exception. He finishes the tour of his ostentatious mansion, which climaxes in an orgy of color:

[He] began throwing them, one by one, before us, shirts of sheer linen and thick silk and fine flannel.… While we admired he brought more and the soft rich heap mounted higher—shirts with stripes and scrolls and plaids in coral and apple-green and lavender and faint orange, with monograms of Indian blue. Suddenly … [Daisy] began to cry stormily.

“They’re such beautiful shirts,” she sobbed.… “It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such—such beautiful shirts before.”

At both the first meeting and the tossing into the air of Gatsby’s shirts, Daisy cries. Gatsby deludes himself into thinking it's because Daisy loves him, but in reality, she is revealing her shallow obsession with materialism. Frankly, for her, it could be anyone she's crying over, as long as he owns "such beautiful shirts."

Although Gatsby is deluding himself here, some part of him knows that Daisy will never be the same for him. An illusion has become reality, and on some level he understand that's not what he wants. He states that she has a green light “that burns all night” at the end of her dock. He directly admits that “the colossal significance of that light had now vanished forever,” for the real Daisy, in contrast to the idealized Daisy, is no longer an “enchanted object.” The enchantment had become his total being, had consumed him—no human could have measured up. Daisy must have “tumbled short of his dreams—not through her own fault, but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion.”

In Chapter 10 of A Separate Peace, why does the exposure of Leper's deranged hallucinations bring the two boys closer together?

Even though Gene and Leper argue and are rather violent with one another.  Gene realizes through Leper's admission of mental problems and failure in the military that Leper (and the other boys) are at war with themselves just like Gene has been throughout the novel.  This is the beginning of Gene's being able to see that he is not at war with or even in competition against Finny--he must find his own "separate peace."  The knowledge that others are outwardly showing signs of their inner struggles does not necessarily give Gene comfort, but it does provide a strange kinship of sorts between them.

Advances in radio and movies contributed to the development of modern entertainment and helped created a mass culture explain?is about the roaring...

The 1920's was a prominent decade in developing the idea of "the celebrity."  It was in the 1920's where American History began to experience a profound impact made by individuals in the public setting.  Advances in radio and visual technology helped to carry these exploits to a society that craved to know more about more people.  In a sense, the celebrity society of the 1920's led to greater discussion amongst people, otherwise known as gossip.  We can see this from an early point in popular films and popular culture.  Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks made an impact on the screen when actors such as they were seen as "the star."  Who they were romantically linked to, how they went about their business, and their comings and goings helped to create an instantaneous appeal as this was transmitted through film and radio, which only added to their celebrity status.  Jack Dempsey, Al Capone, Babe Ruth, and Charles Lindbergh were also examples of individuals who became "superheroes" through their exploits and such news was transmitted through radio and film.  The emergence of the individual and the fame that was provided through technological medium advances helped to chrystallize the notion that people can have a profound impact on history and historical development.  No better would this be seen than in the 1930's and the rise of Fascism in Europe and the emergence of the Second World War.

How can I find the coordinates of the points at the curve y=x2-x-12 where it cuts the x axis and y axis?

Before I start giving the solution to the problem, I will rewrite the given equation as follows to avoid confusion due to different interpretation of 'x2' to mean 'x*2' or 'x^2'.

y = x^2 - x - 12    . . .    (1)

The Method

The method to find to points where a curve having above equation cuts x axis is to substitute the value y = 0 in above equation, and solve the equation for value of x. Please note as this is a quadratic equation of x, there will be two possible values of x. That is the cure cuts y axis at two places. To fond values of x for these these two point we need to find the factors of x. These will give 'x' coordinates of these points. 'y' coordinates will always be '0'.

To find the point where the curve cuts y axis we substitute the value x = o in the above equation and solve the equation for value of y. Here there will be only one possible value of y, indicating that the curve cuts y axis at one point only. The x coordinate will always be equal to '0'.

The Solution

To find where curve cuts x axis

Substituting value of y = 0 in equation (1) we get:

x^2 - x - 12 = 0

Therefore: x^2 - 4x + 3x - 12 = 0

Therefore: (x^2 - 4x) + (3x - 12) = 0

Therefore: (x - 4) *(x + 3) = 0

Therefore: x = 4 and x = -3

To find where curve cuts y axis

Substituting value of x = 0 in equation (1) we get:

y = 0 - 0 - 12 = -12

The Answer

The curve cuts x axis at point (4, 0) and (-3, 0).

It cuts y axis at (0, -12)

Who are the "Calendar Sisters" and the Daughters of Mary? How did being in the company of this circle of females transform Lily?

The "Calendar Sisters" is Rosaleen's term of endearment for the sisters August, May and June (and maybe April, though she is deceased by the time Lily meets the sisters). August is the oldest and keeps bees, June teaches at the local colored high school and plays music for the dieing, while May stays at home with a week grasp of her own emotions and often loses herself in feeling the misery of others.

These three hold the services of The Daughters of Mary, who are a flock of colored women and a few men, who worship a statue of Mary, the mother of God. These women form a support group to each other, which eventually extends to Lily and helps her cope with her internal conflicts and becoming her own strength.

Lily eventually is able to forgive herself for her mother's death, her mother for leaving her and her father for the way he treated her, because of the support for the Daughters of Mary. 

"I go back to that one moment when I stood in the driveway with small rocks and clumps of dirt around my feet and looked back at the porch. And there they were. All these mothers. I have more mothers than any eight girls off the street. They are the moons shinning over me." The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd page 302.

Comparison/contrast piece. I need help.

It would, indeed, be helpful to the editors if you had indicated the two sides of your comparison/contrast "piece."  If, for instance, you are comparing and contrasting the man's survival knowledge with the dog's survival instincts, you may first wish to line up the ways in which they are alike as well as the differences.  Also helpful is the use of a Venn diagram in which you draw overlapping circles beside each other.  In the areas in which the circles overlap, you can write the commonalities.  The differences for the man are, then, put in the remainder of one circle while the differences for the dog are put in the remainder of the other.

For some great tips on the actual writing of the comparison/contrast essay, see the questions in the essay lab as well as the how-to topic listed below.

In Book 21 of Homer's The Odyssey, who controls the store room, and why does this person have control?

The wife of Odysseus, wise Penelope, the daughter of Icarius, is the one who was in control of Odysseus's treasure store room. The key was kept upstairs in Penelope's chamber. Homer describes the key, giving it significance, as bent; "goodly," which suggests large; made of bronze; and having a handle of ivory. The store room is not near the manor but removed at a far distance. It is possible that the suitors knew nothing about it's location and, therefore theoretically, could have no control over it. When Penelope, accompanied by her handmaidens, reached the store room full of Odysseus's treasures, she turned the key, which shot back the bolt, as a sure sign of one who has control and rights of entry because she was entrusted it by Odysseus.

What role does fate play in the downfall of Macbeth?

I would prefer to read MACBETH more as a tragedy of character than as a tragedy of any dark fatality. Even if we like to assign the tragedy of Macbeth to Fate, that fatality lies in his character. The three witches may appear as the 'fate sisters', but Macbeth's 'vaulting ambition' which leads him to his downfall was already present deep in his mind. His immediate responses, especially his asides in act1 sc.3, suggest this evil seed in Macbeth. If we hold Lady Macbeth responsible for Macbeth's downfall, we should remember how Macbeth sends letter to his wife briefing her all about the witches and the good chance of their prophecy about his kingship come true. The conflict between his ambition and his conscience--the 'foul' and the 'fair' battling each other in him-- leads to a series of crimes, to his death in the hands of Macduff. Shakespeare dramatises the story of a moral-psychological conflict, a morality play to highlight the Renaissance contradictions in his protagonist.

In The Slave Dancer, why is one chapter called "Nicholas Sparks Walks on Water" if he is pushed overboard at the end?

When Nicholas Sparks is dropped overboard, Jesse swears that "before he disappear(s) beneath the water...he (takes) three steps".  The Biblical allusion here is to Christ walking on the water, but in this case, it is Sparks, the embodiment of evil in the book, who accomplishes the feat.   It is supposed to be God in the person of Christ who has the ability to "walk on water", but on the Moonlight, it is not goodness that has power, but evil. The author's purpose here is to emphasize that, no matter how one tries to rationalize it, the doings on The Moonlight, and in the slave trade in general, are evil, and a perversion of Christianity.  Like a demonic spirit, or perhaps the Devil himself, Nicholas Sparks, in a chilling aberration, appears to "walk on water" before he drowns, ironically sentenced to death by even more evil, the lust of the Captain for profit. 

There is no rationalization for Nicholas Sparks's brutal behavior.  The Captain is motivated by greed, but Sparks's actions can only be attributed to a deep-seated, basic depravity.  It is Sparks who deals "a mighty blow" to the slave child who will not at first stand and dance, and who, with Stout, throws the fever-stricken slave woman overboard.  He is "untouched by the suffering of (the) cargo", and Jesse concludes that he is "entirely brainless and evil only in the way that certain plants are poisonous".

Sparks's evilness ties into the theme which runs through the chapter, that of attempting to reconcile the opposing concepts of slavery and Christianity.  Ned Grime, one of the crewmen, calls himself a Christian and claims not to support the business of slave trading, yet he is in a position where he will profit from the malicious endeavor.  Ned hypocritically says that, as a Christian, he will not "corrupt his tongue by learning a single word" from any of the slaves, and says the African tribal leaders have become "depraved by a desire for the material things offered...by debased traders".  Ned calls the whole business "the Devil's work", and holds himself above it all, even as he is intimately involved with the proceedings.  The author's message is that Christianity and the slave trade cannot be reconciled, and that the action of human trafficking is powered by evil ("Nicholas Sparks Walks on Water").

Compare and Contrast Maslow's Hierarchy of needs to Mcgregor's theory X and Y.

Maslow's hierarchy identifies the following five different types of needs arranged in a hierarchical order.

1. Physiological needs


2. Safety needs


3. Social needs


4. Esteem or ego needs


5. Self-actualization needs

As explained by Maslow, people are initially motivated by the needs at the lowest level of need hierarchy. Unless this need is satisfied to a reasonable degree, they are not very much concerned with satisfaction of higher level need but when a lower level need is satisfied then they want to satisfy the needs at the next higher levels. Thus, unless physiological level needs are met a person will not be very much interested in higher level needs. When the physiological needs are met then the person will move to the higher level of need seeking security. At this stage the person is no longer motivated by Psychological need. In this way the person may pass serially through the stages of being motivated by safety, social and esteem needs to the self-actualization need.

The McGregor's theory X and Y are actually two sets of alternate assumptions about motivation of people. Theory X represents assumptions that many managers hold but which are not true. Theory Y represents assumptions that represent the reality as per McGregor.

On face of it there is very little in common between Maslow's theory of hierarchy of needs and McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y.

But when by looking beyond the obvious meanings, it becomes clear that the Theory X of McGregor is describing characteristics of a person who is still at the level of fist two need in the Maslow's hierarchy of need. In comparison the Theory Y represents people who have advanced to the third, fourth and fifth level of Maslow's hierarchy.

Thus, though McGregor makes no mention of alternative types of need, he does realize the potential of all people to aspire to higher level of motivation. To this extent the Maslow and McGregor are thinking alike. However, unlike Maslow, McGregor does not recognize the condition of lower level need to be met for people to aspire to higher level needs.

Can the following statement be an appropriate proposition for a persuasive essay?Can the following statement be an appropriate proposition for a...

I agree with the previous poster about the value of this thesis statement and really like the ideas suggested for further exploration in your essay. At the same time, though, I have two comments I'd like to make:

1. I was taught, too, up through high school that the US's use of two atom bombs actually ended up saving lives by bringing the war to a quick end. I'm not certain now, however, of the truth to that claim. I've never seen a sustained, informed argument. Do most historians really agree on this topic? Maybe consider revising your thesis to say that the bombs may have ended up saving the lives of American citizens; they certainly didn't reduce casualties among the Japanese civilians. I tend to think now that war drives innovations in offensive technologies and that once we have those technologies, we often can't resist the itch to use them. Didn't some famous general want to use atomic bombs again in Korea? And if atomic bombs really are a valid way to end a war quickly, why wasn't he allowed to do so? Simply repeating a claim without evidence isn't making an argument. Your evidence could draw on authority (what do some of the most respected historians today actually say about this topic?) and statistics (how many lives were lost in the two atomic explosions? how many lives might have been lost if the war had continued in a conventional manner?).

2. Your thesis reads well in that it is clear, direct, and confident. Some of the word choices might be improved. Both "utilize" and "usage" are often nothing more than fancy ways of saying "use." Some audiences may prefer the fancier wording, but not everyone does. I would also ask that you reconsider the verbs used in two places, "appears" and "occur":

"While the destructive power of the atomic bomb apperas devastating, its usage in a legitimate war reduces the overall casualties which would occur by utilizing conventional war weapons."

Does the atomic bomb truly have devastating destructive power, or does it just "appear" to? Also, do casualties just "occur," or are they suffered or inflicted? Especially when talking about human lives, it's important for us to think about the words that we use.

My two points sound critical, I know, but I offer them constructively. I think you have a very good thesis statement here.

The link below doesn't provide good documentation, but it does suggest that there is controversy surrounding the popular argument that atomic bombs indeed save lives.

[Update: I'm not a historian and, I readily admit, believe that we should ask hard questions about the stories that we grow up with. Still, I get the sense from a quick review of recent scholarship indexed in the JSTOR database that there is indeed ongoing scholarly debate about the need to use atomic bombs to end WWII.]

How would you explain the play to a modern audience?

A black man murders his white wife after he thinks she's been cheating on him with a younger white man.  Sound familiar?  It's the O.J. Simplson murder case...

It's a domestic tragedy of a military husband who falls victim to the "green-eyed monster" of jealousy, as he finds it hard adapting to domestic life.  He's been in the military so long that he's become sexist and jealous.  He's great in battle; bad at home.  A terrible husband.  He's begging for a fight.  Why not with his wife?  It doesn't take much to convince him that his wife is cheating on him.

It's a morality tale, like the Genesis Garden of Eden story.  Othello is Adam, Desdemona is Eve, the handkerchief (Desdemona's love) is the apple, Iago is the serpent.  Except, the serpent goes after Adam first.  And Adam kills Eve.

It's "Beauty & the Beast," though in reverse.  Instead of starting out a beast, Othello is the handsome general of Venice.  Once in Cyprus, he becomes a beast overcome with jealousy.  He loves Desdemona, but becomes so ashamed of his black, animalistic behavior that he can't tell her.  Instead of a single magical rose, we have a single magical handkerchief spotted with strawberries.

It's a court case.  Othello is a tale of a man who wins and loses his wife with language.  Othello is an astute lawyer in Act I, and he defeats Brabantio in court using a wonderful monologue.  Later, outside the realm of court on Cyprus, he is reduced to a seizure-induced monosyllabic mute.  Communication breakdown dooms the marriage.

It's a modern day Oedipus.  Othello becomes deaf, dumb, and blind to the truth, due to his own pride.  And with a little maneuvering from Iago.  Othello should have married someone like his mother (who gives him the handkerchief); instead, he marries a woman so unlike his mother that she loses the damn thing.  Instead of someone's eyes being gouged out, Iago loses his tongue in the end.  Finally, the guy shuts up!

What is the conflict in Flowers for Algernon?

In answering this question, it is important to note that "Flowers for Algernon" started as a short story and was later turned into a novel.  naturally, the subsequent novel had more complex conflicts than the short story.

However, the central conflict in both versions of the story center on Charlie's changed life as his intelligence grows, both in his interaction with his co-workers and his growing love for his teacher.  Furthermore, the state of degeneration that his mental growth has on Algernon is a horrible conflict that goes on within Charlie.  Ultimately, Charlie's changing his mind is insufficient to save Algernon's life.

In The Crucible, Act 3, how has Hale changed since his arrival in Salem; why is he testing Proctor & Elizabeth; why hasn't Proctor been in church?

Hale has changed allot since the begging of the play, In act 1 he came proud and he felt important that he has been summoned. Hale at the end of act 2 realises that he is no longer the authority of the witch trials and in act 3 when Proctor came armed with Marry Warren and claimed that the trials is all pretense Hale starts doubting the girls and begs Danforth to delay the proceedings, Danforth in the other hand refuses.

In act 2 we come to know that Elizabeth's name has been mentioned so hale comes to question Elizabeth.

Proctor hasn't been in church because he hates Reverend Paris and he hates the idea that Paris focuses on hell fire etc.

Best of luck i hope this helped, i am a student myself and i am studying this for my igcse

What is the problem in The Little Prince?

In The Little Prince, the problem involves the little prince and his mysterious rose. The rose sprouts suddenly and becomes a new adornment to the little prince's world. He has never seen a living thing quite like her. As a result, he feels that she is special and unique to him. However, when he discovers the rose lies to him, he soon grows sad and feels alone because he believes he can not trust his faithful rose anymore. This growing gloom causes him to venture to other worlds and leave the rose behind.

The little prince then lands on Earth and soon discovers more roses in a garden. He is happy but then grows sad at the thought that his rose is not the only one rose that exists. A fox then teaches the little prince the meaning of love. It is with this new insight that the little prince realizes that his love makes his rose special and that he is responsible for her well-being. His new thoughts focus on returning to his beloved rose so he tries to figure out a way to make this happen.

Several problems exist in The Little Prince. The little prince needs to find an answer to his loneliness (which he does through meeting the rose and other characters). Then, the little prince also must find a way to cope with the faults of others while on his quest for ending loneliness. Finally, the little prince must find a way to get back to what his rose once he knows the meaning of love.

What are some solutions to the greenhouse effect?

There are any number of possible solutions to the greenhouse effect, but the most credible ones can be boiled down to two major categories: 1) use less in the way of fossil fuels or 2) find a way to keep the carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere.

Within category one, you have three kinds of solutions: A) alternative fuels, B) more efficient technologies that don't consume as much fuel and C) just using less fuel given the technologies we have now.

I'll give one or two examples of each one:

1A) windmills and fuel made from algae

1B) electric cars

1C) just don't drive so much and turn the lights off when you leave the room.

2) Pump the carbon dioxide produced by electric power plants down into the earth where it gets trapped within the rocks.

How are used remedies from shell egg?

 Times have passed since when it was considered that  a lack of calcium cause rickets only in children and osteoporosis in the elderly. Medical researches have shown that insufficient calcium amount affects the cardiovascular system, cause the appearance of cancer cells, nervousness, decrease of memory, insomnia, and at postmenopausal women arise cramps of pulp muscle .But the egg calcium  regulates the growth process of cells, tissues, participate in the process of metabolism,and  is essential to proper nervous system activity and muscle contraction. Calcium ensures proper blood clotting and immunity.He is the main element that ensures proper pH in the body. All the qualities listed help us maintain a good health.Along with medical findings, pharmacies were filled with all kinds of calcium preparations, cheaper and more expensive, but the number of patients still does not decrease, because we do not need any kind of calcium, we only need organic calcium,  easily assimilated. In nature there are two kinds of such a calcium  - in coral and shell egg.

The easiest method of enrichment of the body with elements of calcium is calcium citrate preparation obtained from 2 g of crushed shell, mixed with a tablespoon of freshly squeezed lemon juice. In this variant, calcium is assimilated almost totally and not cause the occurrence of kidney stones and gall bladder or deposits in joints and blood vessels.

Egg powder (obtained by crushing and sieving well washed shells)is given to children from the age of 6 months, adolescents and pregnant women necessarily. A cure takes one months, with one months break. Cures are repeated.

What did Susan's (Stargirl's) father do with the silver plate?

Stargirl's father gives the silver plate to Leo.

Stargirl had won the silver plate by placing first at the Arizona State Oratorical Contest.  The students at Mica High had been shown a film during assembly period showing a past winner of the contest returning to a hero's welcome at school.  Stargirl has a vision one day of being in that position; she pictures herself "returning in triumph from the Arizona State Oratorical Contest...(having) won first prize...best in the state".  She imagines the whole school turning out to greet her in the parking lot, "just like in the assembly film".  She is beside herself in anticipation, exclaiming to Leo, "I'm going to be popular!"

Stargirl does indeed go on to win the contest, but when she returns to Mica High with her hard won trophy, the silver plate, in hand, there is only one student on hand to greet her, the faithful Dori.  Stargirl is stunned, and when her parents come to the car she "allow(s) herself to be led away", the silver plate falling from her lap onto the asphalt and ringing "like a dying bell".  Stargirl's father picks it up, and Leo thinks at first that he will take it.  Instead, with "a strange smile", he hands the plate to Leo (Chapter 26-30).

The silver plate represents the values of the majority, and is a tangible symbol of acceptance for Stargirl.  She has tried, for Leo's sake, to be "normal", and to fit in with her peers at Mica High.  Her attempts are unsuccessful; no one cares that she has won the silver plate, and she has sacrificed her individuality for nothing.  Stargirl's father, apparently understanding the situation, gives the plate to Leo.  The trophy means nothing to Stargirl; perhaps it will mean something to him.

In "Kiss of the Spider Woman," in what ways do Molina and Valentin express that they each belong to two different cultures simultaneously?

I think that the arc of each characters' narrative is fairly fascinating in addressing this question.  They start off diametrically opposed to one another.  Then, they move closer to one another due to their captivity.  Eventually, their love for one another causes them to share narratives.  Yet, this convergence is temporary because once Molina is released, he lives the brief life of a revolutionary, something more akin to Valentin, who dies with a sentimental vision of happiness in his mind, something more akin to Molina.  It seems that this arc reflects how each character fundamentally belongs to different cultures simultaneously.

The fact that each one believes that their cultural understanding of reality is a valid one would display how they do not sacrifice their belief systems.  To a certain extent, I think that each one initially believes that their value system is inherently superior to the other's.  Valentine spits nothing but venom at the stories that Molina clings to while in prison.  For his part, Molina cannot understand how the revolution will do anything to enhance the sense of the aesthetic and the beautiful, to which he devotes his life.  This reflects how each character does reflect a different sense of belonging.  It is through their love where each is willing to accept the other's difference into a joined union.  It is not a vision where one partner relinquishes their own notions of the good.  Rather, it is a realm where differences cease in the arms of another and within the heart of another being.  When Molina is released, his pursuit of a revolutionary end is not because he sincerely believes in it.  Rather, it is because he believes in Valentin and the love they share.  When Valentin seeks escape in a vision that is different than reality, he validates his own love for Molina when he embraces a vision that comes out of one of Molina's own creation.  Love and the concept of a shared relationship is where the common ground is found, allowing each to live in their own world and culture while being immersed in that of the other.

Which are the laws that governing the processing by plastic deformation procedures?

The experimental results obtained, and numerous studies have led to indication of general laws, valid at the plastic deformation of metals and alloys, laws valid and applicable  in the design of any technological process of making the plastic deformation of parts.
These laws are: the law of plastic deformations coexistence with the elastic  deformations during plastic deformation; law of constant volume, the law of minimum resistance , the law of the emergence and balancing of internal tensions and the law of similarity.

The law of plastic deformations coexistence with the elastic  deformations during plastic deformation


Experimentally it was found that plastic deformation of metallic materials is always accompanied by an elastic deformation and plastic deformation begins only after exceeding a size limit of elastic deformation. This law can be explained very well on the stress-strain diagram which is seen as the total deflection εt is composed of an elastic deformation εe and a plastic strain εp and is given by:
εe + εt = εp.
Law of constant volume


In the case of minimum loss of material by burning technology (the case of hot plastic deformation) or material jamming with  interior hollows,it can be considered that material volume remains constant in any stage of deformation, thus: 
V0 = V1 = V2 =... Vi =...= Vn.
The law of minimum resistance

The move of any point of material, with respect to the deformed body, located on a surface perpendicular to the direction of deformation forces, is where the perimeter is greater than the smallest distance of section.Because the point  is perpendicular to the perimeter section, means that between the various ways of moving, points  will choose the one where encountered resistance is minimal.
 The law of the emergence and balancing of internal tensions and the law of similarity

During plastic deformation, within the material, there are tensions that are opposing to deformation (using the action and reaction principle) and that tend to balance each other.

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To what extent is Hamlet responsible for his own downfall and ultimately, the tragic ending of the play ??

Certainly if Hamlet were to go straightway and kill King Claudius, he may well have gone on to live a full and happy life. Of course, as many critics have pointed out, we wouldn't have had much of a play then. What then was it about Hamlet that casused his own downfall and lead to the tragedy that so many were involved in?

Hamlet, himself, (in Act 1, scene 4) alludes to that fault in one's character that can bring about one's own ruin:

So, oft it chances in particular men,
That for some vicious mole of nature in them,
As in their birth—wherein they are not guilty,
Since nature cannot choose his origin—
By the o'ergrowth of some complexion,
Oft breaking down the pales and forts of reason,
Or by some habit that too much o'erleavens
The form of plausive manners, that these men—
Carrying, I say, the stamp of one defect,
Being nature's livery, or fortune's star—
Their virtues else—be they as pure as grace,
As infinite as man may undergo—
Shall in the general censure take corruption
From that particular fault. The dram of evil
Doth all the noble substance of a doubt
To his own scandal.

So, what is Hamlet's vicious mole? What is his "tragic flaw" the "chink in his moral armor?"
I think it's his intelligence. He's so smart that he's stupid. He thinks so much, looks at so many facets and possibilities of the truth, that he thinks (and talks) far more than he acts. And yes, he has lots to think about: the ghost, his mother, his uncle, his girlfriend, revenge, life and death.

He knows well enough that too much thinking is not a good thing (Act 3, scene 1):

Thus conscience does make cowards of us all,
And thus the native hue of resolution
Is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,
And enterprises of great pitch and moment
With this regard their currents turn awry
And lose the name of action.

Hamlet uses his intelligence to plan and carry out the perfect revenge for the father he loves so much. He wants to punish Claudius, make him feel afraid and guilty before he kills him. This is all well and good, but, no matter how well thought out this perfect revenge is, it takes much too long and involves too many relatively innocent people. And time is Hamlet's enemy; for in its span, Claudius can formulate his own nefarious plans.

When it comes to killing and avenging a suffering ghost, a dagger in the heart of King Claudius would have sufficed and would have saved time and many lives... all but one.

In chapter 18, why didn't Jane respond to Holden's call and how can I act this out like a role play which has to be about 5 minutes?Holden clearly...

Whenever Holden seems to be at loose ends Holden calls on friends from the past whether it be former teachers or former classmates. These contacts are perhaps made when Holden is closest to realizing that he is spiraling out of control, or perhaps they are his attempts to anchor himself in reality. So we don't know why Jane doesn't answer Holden in chapter 18. Maybe she's not home, or maybe she simply realizes he represents too much drama. After all the last time Holden exhibits his irrationality with Sally at the skating rink, and he while he does not admit to his irrationality with Jane, he does give us an example of it when he talks about the time he saw her with a boy at a dance. Holden thought the boywas a show-off, but Jane argued that the boy had an inferiority complex. Clearly this same assessment could be applied to Holden, and whenever the truth hits too close to home, Holden flies off the handle, so there is no doubt that this was not an amicable discussion. Jane would be well aware of Holden's character, and she perhaps has chosen walking away and ignoring him is prudent.

You could show Holden's irrationality by acting out the phone call with lots of agitated behavior and ramblings as he waits for her to answer (which she  doesn't). Then he could have an outburst and throw slam the phone down before walking away with more irrational mumbling.

I need to write an essay on the similarties between "A Rose for Emily and "Araby." The main theme should be love and courtship.William Faulkner's...

Perhaps the strongest similarity between the ideas of courtship expressed in "A Rose for Emily" and in "Araby" is the unrealistic perception that the main characters harbor for the object of their loves.  For, the boy in Joyce's story idealizes Megan's sister, envisioning her in his mind as the fair maiden for whom he must embark on a knightly quest for the Holy Grail. While at the market, the boy narrates,

I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes.  Her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers and praises which I myself did not understand.

While Emily's perception of Homer may not be as grandiose as the boy's, she certainly elevates her beloved in status as he escorts her in the "glittering buggy." Later, Emily purchases a silver engraved brush set for Homer, a brush set made for a gentleman's use.  That Homer is really no gentleman is evidenced by his drinking with the men at the Elks, and his appearance as he drives Emily's matched pair of horses:  his hat is cocked, he has a cigar in his teeth, and holds the reins and whip in a yellow [symbolic of degradation or evil] glove.  The boy of "Araby" has no maiden, either.  She is a mere girl from the brown neighborhood and she is unable to meet him at his supposed "exotic" location, the bazaar.

Clearly, both characters are deluded in their perceptions of courtship, with these courtships ending dismally.  The boy is alone at the bazaar as bitter tears sting his eyes with the recognition that his love has been mere fantasy.  Emily must poison her lover in order to keep him; he, too, is a fantasy, just a tangible one.

Why is Simon Bolivar Known as "The Liberator"? Describe what he did and how he helped his people.

Simon Bolivar is the name most closely connected with the liberation of South America.  As you say, he is known as the liberator of the continent.

Although he is known as the liberator of South America, his importance is actually limited (if you want to say it that way) to the northern part of the continent.  He was the leader of the rebellions that liberated the areas that are now Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Bolivia, and Peru.

As far as how he helped his people, that's up for debate.  He did lead the wars for independence.  But he later became disillusioned with how the new countries were behaving after becoming independent.  So it's not clear he would have said he helped the people at all.

So -- he led the liberation of the countries, but beyond that it's not like he ruled any of them for very long or led them to stability or prosperity after they became independent.

Explain the poets use of the winter and summer in "What lips my lips have kissed" by Millay.

This poem is about loss, and specifically about the loss that comes inevitably as we humans age.  We cannot go back and feel the same things about the same places and the same people.  Even if we see them again, we are not the same people we were when we originally had those experiences.  So this is a poem about that kind of loss.

In poetry, of course, summer tends to represent youth and the best part of one's life while winter stands in for age and decline.  This can be seen in this poem as well.  Now that it is winter, the tree (or the speaker) can no longer know its past loves because the summer that used to sing in it no longer does.

So, now that it is winter, we are not the same people that we were in summer and we can never again be the same or feel the same as we did.  The metaphor of summer turning to winter represents that decline and loss as we age.

In Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried, how is Lt. Jimmy Cross established as a savior figure; does he sacrifice something?

Lt. Cross is similar to a messianic character in a couple of  ways.

1.  He bears a weighty responsibility and fully realizes the consequences of his not fulfilling his duties.  In the story, "In the Field" from the collection, Cross ponders how he came to be leading his men in Vietnam and the fact that he did not ask for his position of leadership.  Similarly, Christ wrestles with the task before Him when he goes to the Garden of Gethsemane and prays about his global "obligation." 

2. Both Cross and Christ are seemingly alone in their burdens.  They realize that no one else can take on their burdens.  Jimmy cannot confide in his men that he is frightened, that he feel unqualified, or that he wishes he were at home in comfort (again, see "In the Field").  Likewise, the disciples fall asleep while Christ struggles with what he has to do, and they certainly cannot empathize with him.

Lt. Cross, like his men--and real Vietnam Veterans--sacrifices his innocence and some of his sanity.  Yes, he gives up comforts and freedom for a while, but those are for the most part temporary sacrifices.  Cross realizes that he will never be the same person that he was before the war, and he has had to make decisions that most humans will never encounter.  His peace of mind is gone; he will never again play golf on a peaceful green without his mind flashing back to the green of Vietnam.

Through The Crucible, how does Miller demonstrate how he feels about the witch hunter/trials of the 1950s?

I would add his adaptation of Ibsen's An Enemy of the Peopleas another, if lesser known, example of Miller's comments on the witch trials.  In Ibsen's play a doctor finds out that the health spas that are making his community "rich" are, in fact, poisonous are causing harm to the people who are coming there for help.  He thinks the community will welcome him as its savior; he is "shocked" when he is treated as a pariah, a threat to the well being of the general public.  They attempt to "reason" with him, cajole him, threaten him --- but he stands by his position, becoming, in his own words, "the strongest man in the town."

Miller is clearly standing by the position that the individual who stands by his values in the face of opposition, who cannot  be bullied by the powerful, is the only true individual.  Standing by your principles in the face of what he sees as the witchhunters at the Communist trials, is the only choice a real individual can make.

What are all the friendships found in Julius Caesar, and are the friendships beneficial for one party or both parties?

Interesting question--it forces the reader to consider what a real friendship is. Cassius and Brutus have a relationship that is friendly enough to include trust.  As the play opens, Cassius trust Brutus enough to confide in him what he is plotting and why he wants Brutus to join in.  In regards to their relationship, it seems that neither man ultimately benefits from the relationship.  Both men lose everything and everyone and do not even accomplish what they set out to do.

Antony and Caesar have a relationship that would appear to be a friendship to most.  However, Antony has everything to gain from his relationship with Caesar, and Caesar almost seems to play on that loyalty without truly considering Antony a friend--he treats him more like an errand boy. Antony certainly benefits from the relationship that he he established with Caesar, but again, he put himself in that position and used his speaking and leadership skills to take advantage of the turmoil created by Caesar's assassination.

In "The Leap" by Louise Erdrich how did the narrator's attitude change about her mother's rescue attempt in the end of the story?

In "The Leap," when the mother Anna Avalon comes to rescue the narrator when, as a child, she is caught upstairs in their blazing farmhouse, the narrator is at first embarrassed to see that her mother is standing in front of her in nothing but pearls and underclothing. The narrator thinks with embarrassment of the crowd of people below looking on at her mother improperly clothed. Anna had ripped off her dress because her husband and the narrator's father, in his anguish and distress, couldn't make his fingers work to unzip it.

Anna, half unclothed as she was, instructed the fire fighters to place the broken ladder against a tree trunk growing near the house. Stunned, the firefighters did as she asked then they and all the crowd watched as Anna climbed the tree, slid out to the furthest length of a diminishing branch and jumped to the roof, catching herself by her heels from the roof gutter in a position just above the narrator's bedroom window. This act was an echo of Anna's earlier life as a trapeze artist, a life that ended tragically with the death of her husband and their unborn child, neither of whom survived the tragedy.

Once Anna and the narrator jumped out the window--Anna with her toes pointed--the narrator had time, as her mother always said was the case, to think about many things. The final thing she thought as she and her mother sailed down toward the fire fighter's net was to curl her hands over her mother's while listening to her heart beat and nuzzling against her stomach as her mother held her tightly and safely in their joint fall. the narrator's attitude changed in that protracted instant from one of embarrassment to one of appreciation, gratitude, profound unity and deep love.

Where I can find foreshadowing in "The Story of an Hour" by Kate Chopin?

Foreshadowing exists in this story in two different aspects.  The first is foreshadowing of Louise Mallard's unique and ironic reaction to the news of her husband's death. The next is foreshadowing of her unfortunate demise at the end of the story.

For foreshadowing of her feelings of joy at the news of her husband's death, look to the following instances.  The first is when Chopin describes Louise's beautiful face "whose lines bespoke repression." Chopin mentions that her face reflected "repression"; so, the woman felt repressed in her role as a wife--indicating that she might not be sad to be relieved of that role.  Then, as Louise looks out the window after hearing of the tragedy of her husband's death, she sees

"the tops of trees that were all aquiver with the new spring life. The delicious breath of rain was in the air. ...and countless sparrows were twittering in the eaves."

One would expect a stormy sky, lightning and thunder, but Chopin uses the setting to foreshadow the freedom that Louise feels at her husband's death; her emotions, like the weather, are sunny, happy, and full of promise and new life, foreshadowing her coming elation.  As she continues to think about her husband, Chopin writes that Louise could sense a feeling coming and "was waiting for it, fearfully. What was it?" This foreshadows the feeling of elation that she will feel at her husband's death; a fearful emotion because of how inappropriate it is, yet how wonderful freedom feels to her.  From here on out, the theme is obvious as Louise basks in feeling "Free!  Body and soul free!"

For foreshadowing of her death at the end, look to the beginning where Richards and her sister were afraid to tell her of the death of Brently, because she had heart troubles.  If they were worried about her heart acting up at the news of his death, it makes sense that it would act up when he unexpectedly arrives.

I hope that those examples help; good luck!

Relating to The Kite Runner, can the past be buried?

According the novel's main character, no, the past cannot be buried.  While one can believe that he has buried the past, Amir states in the first chapter that the past has a way of "clawing" its way out again.  This statement establishes one of Hosseini's stylistic tendencies--challenging cliches of both Afghan and American culture.

Specifically, in the novel, Amir certainly has not been able to put aside the immense guilt that he feels for betraying his best friend, and years later when he has established a life for himself in America, Rahim Khan calls out of the blue from Pakistan, and Amir's past comes flooding back.  Like Amir, Baba tried to bury his past, but even though he is physically dead near the novel's end, Baba's past (fathering Hassan) is resurrected by Rahim Khan and motivates Amir to seek redemption for his own past.

Why was the fire important to Ralph? What else was important to Ralph in the book?

The fire is important to Ralph because he knows it is their one chance for rescue. Without its smoke as a signal, no ships or planes could ever known the boys are on the island. There's no cell phones, no internet...no one even knows if the island has actually been charted. So for Ralph, the fire symbolizes the one hope to return to civilization and order. It also represents responsibility, as it is Ralph's one decision/order as chief: to keep the fire going. Because it marks an attempt to reconnect with the original society, Ralph is very attached to it, & this affects his interactions with the the other boys. In a sense, it drives a wedge between he & Jack. This makes it even more important for Ralph to make the others understand the significance of the fire.

The conch shell was also very important to Ralph. At first, it serves as a symbol of order and democracy. The boys come when Ralph blows the shell, and they follow the rules established by such (at least for the first meeting). Yet that quickly disintegrates, as by the second meeting, boys are talking over each other, taking the shell from each other, and even resorting to violence. The shell, much like the fire, represents a desire to lead through order and civil nature, as opposed to savagery and threat. This does not work however, and eventually the shell will be crushed, like Ralph attempt at democracy.

To a lesser extent, Piggy and his glasses are important to Ralph, for many of the same reasons stated above. Piggy's glasses symbolize insight and invention, & again, are a link to the civilization from which the boys came. It is not until the end that Ralph understands how important Piggy's friendship was, and mourns his death as that of "a true friend."

Which of the following are examples of physical changes and which are examples of chemical changes?a.melting butter b.boiling water c.digesting...

a. Melting butter: In this the physical property of the butter changes. That is the butter changes from solid to liquid state. This is a physical change.

b. Boiling of water: In this temperature of water changes. Simultaneously, some of the water changes from liquid state to gaseous (steam or water vapour). Both these changes are physical changes.

c. Digesting food: Digesting of food is a very complex process including changes in chemical composition of food, dissolving of nutrients in water and other fluids, and absorption of food by blood. Thus digesting of food involves combination of physical as well as chemical change.

d. Baking brownie: This process, like digesting of food is a complex process involving physical as well as chemical change. For example, some of the water in the dough gets evaporated. This is a physical process. Also some of the ingredients in the dough change their chemical composition. This is a chemical change.

e. Exploding TNT: In this process, what happens to TNT is a pure chemical change. But the accompanying impact of explosion on surroundings is a physical change.

f. Dissolving sugar: This is a purely physical change.Pleas note that dissolving of sugar is not same as converting sugar from solid to liquid state. Dissolving is a different type of physical change.

g. Burning fuel oil: This is purely a chemical change. This is primarily a result of chemical process called oxidation.

How does moral-philosophical approach work in analyzing a story? And can you give a brief information about the critic of this approach?I would...

I think that there might be much in the way of analysis and responses on this particular topic.  In my mind, the moral/ philosophical approach to analyzing a story helps to develop different perceptions of it.  The secondary analysis of a work can take many forms when one embraces different approaches to reading it.  For example, an approach steeped in the Marxist approach will reveal certain aspects of a work that might not have been originally appreciated.  The approach of formalism in analyzing a work is of critical importance to those who believe in the precepts of this particular set of values.  Different moral or philosophical approaches help to reveal more of the story present and help to reveal more aspects of the work that might have laid dormant.

Why do the cadets initially not consider Comte de Guiche a true "Gascon cadet?"

There are lots of reason why the Cadets have no respect for de Guiche.  First, he is a married man who is conniving to have an affair with another woman (Roxane).  Second, he is the Cardinal's nephew, which does give him some sort of power and influence.  Unfortunately, he chooses to wield that power for selfish reasons (to set up a clandestine rendez-vous with Roxane in a monastary, to manipulate which troops are sent to which battlefront).  He is a coward who claims he's at war yet fights no battle.  These are all despicable characteristics to the battle-hardened, honorable Cadets.  The worst incident directed pointedly at these men is deGuiche's traitorous act on the battlefield. They did not behave toward him with the respect he would have liked, so he gave the signal for the enemy to attack them.  Honor is above all, and de Guiche displays no honor at all. 

How did the geography affect political and economic development of India?

This answer can be looked at many different ways, because a countries geography makes a huge difference.

1. The Himalayan mountains in the north of India act as a natural buffer from China. This is important, because China to the North has been a powerful country in history.  The natural break has caused both nations to be separate and free from war.

2. The Ganges river is one of the longest in the world and has been used to cultivate crops. The Ganges is the 7th longest in the world.

3. The Ganges river becomes all the most important, because India is also home to huge stretches of deserts. The Thar is also the 7th largest desert in the world.

4. Another important point is that India is not landlocked. So, it has had good contact with other people groups and developed a fishing industry.

5. India also have some good natural resources - oil, metals and natural gasses.

Where are examples of metaphor and simile in Act 2, scene 4, of "Macbeth"?Can you give examples of a simile and a metaphor from Act 2, scene 4 of...

In Act II, Scene 4 of "Macbeth," there is a metaphor in the second line as the old man speaks to Ross about the recent occurrences:

Threescore and ten I can remember well:/Within the volume of which time/I have seen hours dreadful and things strange/(II,iv,1-3)

Time is compared to a "volume," a book in which recordings have been made.  Ross's response also contains metaphors:

Darkness does the face of earth entomb (II,iv,10)

Ross implies that evil will cover the land, the "face" of the earth.  This tomb motif continues as Ross inquires where Duncan's body has been taken.  Macduff replies that it has gone to Colmekill [creek], the

sacred storehouse of his predecessors/And guardian of their bones (II,iv,45)

The burial area is called [compared] to a guardian.

A simile that is also present is in the old man's remark to Ross who describes the eerie atmosphere of the earth, comparing it to the murder of Duncan:

'Tis unnatural/Even like the deed that's done. (II,iv,12-13)

How do you believe neurotransmitters and hormones play a role in establishing homeostasis in the body, particularly after drug ingestion?

Homeostasis is the regulatory systems in plants and animals that enable them to maintain some stable set of internal body conditions, in face of changes in external environmental conditions. For example human bodies maintain a standard temperature of 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit irrespective of environmental temperature. Similarly other characteristics of body such as blood pressure and composition of internal body fluids remain relatively stable.

The process of homeostasis consists of the following steps.

1. Monitoring the environment and body condition, detecting any change in environment which can disturb the desired stable body condition, or deviation in body condition from the desired stable condition.


2. Conveying the information to the brain about the such condition requiring homeostasis response.


3. Brain send impulse to the appropriate body part that triggers the homeostasis response of the body.


4. The body part responds to the brain impulse to maintain the stable body state.

For example, nerve endings in the skin senses the environmental temperature and transmit this information to the brain. In turn the brain sends impulses the blood vessels in the skin to expand or contract as required and to sweat glands to produce more or less sweat as required. This impulse results in the skin blood vessels and sweat glands responding accordingly. This keeps the body temperature stable.

The role of neurotransmitter in this process is to facilitate transmission of information to and from brain. The neurotransmitters are special type of chemicals that carry information between two adjoining cells in the nervous system.

The hormones can also be considered as transmitter of information, but in a different way. For example, some specific hormones released in the blood control the quantity of different substances in the blood. To maintain the appropriate level of these substances in blood, the brain instructs different hormone producing glands to release appropriate quantity of different hormones in the blood. These hormones then act as triggers for the body mechanisms that control the blood composition.

There is no specific changes in the process due to ingestion of drugs, except to the extent drugs impact the nervous system.