Atomic theory states that all substances are comprised of atoms. Something that has all the same atoms is an element; something with a mixture of different atoms is a compound. Each of these (elements and compounds) have electrons zipping around them; In general, its these electrons that determine if a reaction takes place between two substances. If conditions are right, a transfer of electrons from one substance to another occurs, and a reaction happens.
Whether or not a reaction takes place is contingent upon the relative electron arrangements of the substances being combined, and how tightly or loosely those electrons are held.
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