The immune system evolved and was complexed structural and functional under permanent selective pressure which infectious agents exert , which tend to invade, to colonize and multiply in the tissues. The structure of the immune system is a direct reflection of its interaction with the diversity of infectious agents that stimulate it. The two opposing forces have shaped each other in constant conflict. Hosts that do not neutralize the infectious agent are doomed to death, and those who survive are better adapted to resist subsequent infections. Antigenic heterogeneity problem of viruses and pathogenic bacteria is important not only theoretically, but is essential to the practical issue of vaccination, because there is risk of stimulating immune response without effective protection. The consequence of stimulating an immune response may be ineffective or even aggravation of infectious disease and activating autoimmune pathogenicity mechanisms.
The immune response has to counter not only the diversity of antigens to which it is exposed, but must find the response to changes in biochemical structure, at the different strains of microorganisms.
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