What are the advantages and disadvantages of narrow span in management?

Also known as span of control, is a very important concept of organizing function of management. It refers to the number of subordinates that can be handled effectively by a superior in an organization. It signifies how the relations are planned between superior and subordinates in an organization.

Span of management is generally categorized under two heads- Narrow span and Wide span. Narrow Span of management means a single manager or supervisor oversees few subordinates. This gives rise to a tall organizational structure. While, a wide span of management means a single manager or supervisor oversees a large number of subordinates. This gives rise to a flat organizational structure.There is an inverse relation between the span of management and the number of hierarchical levels in an organization, i.e., narrow the span of management , greater the number of levels in an organization.

Narrow span of management is more costly compared to wide span of management as there are larger number of superiors/ managers and thus there is greater communication issues too between various management levels. The less geographically scattered the subordinates are, the better it is to have a wide span of management as it would be feasible for managers to be in touch with the subordinates and to explain them how to efficiently perform the tasks. In case of narrow span of management, there are comparatively more growth opportunities for a subordinate as the number of levels is more.

The more efficient and organized the managers are in performing their tasks, the better it is to have wide span of management for such organization. The less capable, motivated and confident the employees are, the better it is to have a narrow span of management so that the managers can spend time with them and supervise them well. The more standardized is the nature of tasks ,i.e., if same task can be performed using same inputs, the better it is to have a wide span of management as more number of subordinates can be supervised by a single superior. There is more flexibility, quick decision making, effective communication between top level and low level management,and improved customer interaction in case of wide span of management. Technological advancement such as mobile phones, mails, etc. makes it feasible for superiors to widen their span of management as there is more effective communication.

An optimal/ideal span of control according to the modern authors is fifteen to twenty subordinates per manager, while according to the traditional authors the ideal number is six subordinates per manager. But actually, an ideal span of control depends upon the nature of an organization, skills and capabilities of manager, the employees skills and abilities, the nature of job, the degree of interaction required between superior and subordinates.

In "Eveline," is Eveline characterized using the direct or indirect characterization methiod?

In the short story "Eveline," James Joyce describes Eveline through indirect characterization. Indirect characterization is a method by which the reader is made a participant in the life and conflict of the character because all understanding of the character comes from the reader's ability to understand the meaning of actions, attitudes, thoughts, feelings, perceptions, emotions, and conversations or comments.

By contrast, direct characterization presents exactly what the author wants the reader to know about the character in order to hasten the character revelation and understanding process in order that the action may be undertaken more expeditiously (quickly). This direct method of characterization is most effective in adventure stories, action stories, and science fiction stories where the great point of the novel is to have the adventure, pursue the action, experience the fictions of science. Direct characiterization, in which character traits and qualitles are expressly stated by the author, is also effective in stories in which stock characters or achetype characters are intentionally desired by the author.

Indirect characterization produces a more in depth portrait of the character and deepens the reader's engagement with and sympathy for the character. This indirect method of characterization is effective for stories in which character development, human agency, and human conflict, etc. are more important than the events of the story. This type of story--e.g., dramas, serious romances, social and cultural stories--is what is described as "character driven."

The advantage to the indirect method of characterization, such as Joyce uses to describe Eveline, is as stated, engagement with and sympathy for the character, which also adds to the longevity of the value of the story and its re-readability. While a disadvantage is that the sensitivity of readers varies as not all readers have the same grasp of language, human nature, and subtle behavior as others, resulting in characterization that can be misunderstood, which itself results in stories and themes that are equally misunderstood. To avoid this pitfall, authors may take simplistic approaches in rendering indirect characterization and simplify their language and authorial style, thereby depriving readers of some of the best joy of reading--thought provoking, mind expanding complexity.

I need an article about education in the 1930s. Does anyone have an article in mind that can help me?

What kind of article are you looking for? One from a scholarly journal? One from an online journal? One from a newspaper? You need to define "article" in order to narrow your search.

The best place to search for journal articles about education is eric.edu.gov. For instance, I did a basic search for the key words education in 1930s. A few of the titles I found are "Transitory Connections: The Reception and Rejection of Jean Piaget's Psychology in the Nursery School Movement in the 1920s and 1930s"; "Tomorrow We Live: Fascist Visions of Education in 1930s Britain"; and "The Bad Old Days: How Higher Education Fared during the Great Depression."

With Eric, however, you may need be able to read the entire article. It will give you all the bibliographic information so that you can find the journal in a library.

You might also check out the US Dept. of Education web site. You can also search for the key words "education in the 1930s" and get several results. I found an article titled "A Brief History of Teacher Professionalism," which compares teacher training today to methods used in the 1920s and 1930s.

I hope this helps you. Good luck in your search! 

To what extent did America uphold its democratic ideals from 1880-1920?

In much of this time period, there will be, as the previous post, suggested a great deal of divergence in thought.  The most stunning example of America upholding its democratic ideals could be seen in the United States' entry into World War I.  President Wilson believed that the nation's participation in the war was "to make the world safe for democracy."  Wilson's address to Congress identified specific goals and ideals to which America gave its support and, thus, justifying its participation in World War I.  At the same time, one could argue that another example of American values being upheld was present in Progressivist Reforms of the late 19th century and early 20th.  The idea of power coming from "the bottom up" was of critical importance to the Progressivists, who sought change in the political orders of the day that rewarded corruption and abuses of power.  In addition, the fight for women's suffrage, articulating conceptions of freedom for African- Americans and other marginalized groups, as well as the Muckrackers' attempt expose government collusion and unsafe business practices could all be considered actions that upheld American democratic ideals.

Why is the marginal revenue product curve downward sloping due to the law of diminishing marginal returns?thsi deals with factor markets

The definition of marginal revenue product is the amount of change in revenue you get when you buy a unit of inputs.

The law of diminishing marginal returns tells us that as you add more inputs (short run) your marginal returns go down.  This means that as you buy more inputs, you get fewer products in return for them.

If you are getting fewer products as you buy more inputs, that means you are also getting less money per input as you buy more inputs.  This is why the MRP curve slopes downward.

Give a complete account of what Scout found under her bed in To Kill a Mockingbird?Chapter 14

It was alive and moving, but it wasn't a snake, as Scout found out one night in Chapter 14 of Harper Lee's novel To Kill a Mockingbird. One night as Scout was going to bed, she stepped on something "warm, resilient and rather smooth." 

...It was not quite like hard rubber, and I had the sensation that it was alive. I also heard it move.

Thinking it was a reptile, she called out to Jem, who was in the adjoining room. He went to the kitchen and returned with a broom. Ever the protector, Jem ordered Scout to get on the bed. Remembering Miss Rachel's encounter with a rattler in her own home, Jem carefully took a swipe and then another.

"Do snakes grunt?"
"It ain't a snake," Jem said. "It's somebody."

Indeed, it was only Dill, who had "escaped" from his folks in Meridian and taken a train to Maycomb Junction. Dusty and hungry, he had walked the remainder of the way to Maycomb,

Discuss "To be or not to be" in Hamlet's soliloquy.

In "Hamlet's" soliloquy Hamlet is contemplating on life.  He wonders and questions if life is worth living or if it would be better to die. He is a man torn by the misconceptions in life and the dilemma if it is better to escape from one's troubles than to stay and cope through them.

"For in that sleep of death what dreams may come / When we have shuffled off this mortal coil / Must give us pause."

Hamlet is also wrestling with the decision of taking his uncle's life.  He is uncertain if she should do it or not.  His moral self is demonstrating ambiguity with his immoral self for murder is wrong and final.

Hamlet is a man torn by his father's death, his uncle's crime, and the overwhelming knowledge that the outcome of his life and those around him rests in his won hands.  He knows he should avenge his father's death, but the decision is so momentous that he is torn mentally as he struggles to make the decision.

How can Hawthorne’s stories be seen as a response to the political freedom asserted by the American Revolution?How can Hawthorne’s stories be...

Evert Augustus Duyckinck made this statement about Hawthorne:

Of the American writers destined to live, he is the most original, the one least indebted to foreign models, or literary precedents of any kind.

Like the burgeoning country, Hawthorne was free from the influences of Europe, creating his own style in the first truly American novel, "The Scarlet Letter," published in 1850.  His protagonist, Hester Prynne, is like no other feminine main character:  She has incredible inner strength, a strength men like Patrick Henry and Thomas Paine and Thomas Jefferson, initiators of the Revolutionary American thought, would admire.

In his novel, Hawthorne castigates a society that restricts so adamantly the passions of its people; freedom of spirit is absolutely essential to one's life.  Hawthorne's narrative of the individualistic Hester Prynne is the narrative of a woman not unlike the French painting of La femme Liberte, who leads the revolutionaries.  For, she makes a mockery of the symbol of her sin by refusing to be less of a person after her punishment.  Her faith in herself wins out over the weakening Puritanical religious thought; it, too, succeeds in its revolution and wins Hester freedom, at least a freedom of heart.

Hawthorne's themes often include an individual's inner struggles for self-assertion, or at least, a break from oppression, a struggle shared by many a revolutionary.  Hawthorne wrote,

Every individual has a place to fill in the world and is important in some respect whether he chooses to be so or not.

This concept of the individual and the individual's rights is the concept written into the Declaration of Independence. It is also a revolutionary literary concept as well, especially in the character of Hester Prynne, a woman condemned in the first chapter by the Puritan women who derogate her expressive spirit and "waywardness," saying she needs suppression. Hester Prynne represents the Revolutionaries in heart.  She, like them, is as Hawthorne himself has expressed, as heroic as the Revolutionaries:

The greatest obstacle to being heroic is the doubt whether one may not be going to prove one's self a fool; the truest heroism is to resist the doubt; and the profoundest wisdom to know when it ought to be resisted and when it ought to be obeyed.

Hester Prynne, who symbolizes the passion of the individual human heart that needs individualistic expression, is a truly Revolutionary heroine in spirit.

Explain how the play's title (Inherit the Wind) contributes to its meaning.

The full quote is taken from the The Bible, Proverbs chapter 11, verse 9:

He that troubles his own house shall inherit the wind: and the fool shall be servant to the wise of heart.

Essentially, this means that anyone who causes trouble or unrest in his home, his town, or even his country, invites trouble and chaos. And if one is foolish enough to disturb and upset the status quo, the way things are, that person will have to labor long and diligently in order to become wise amid the turmoil.

In terms of the 1955 Lawrence and Lee play, Inherit the Wind, the quote refers to the clashing ideas, confusion, swirling lies, tested truths and religious precepts that surround a courtroom trial about the theory of evolution versus The Bible's view of creation.

So much hoopla and posturing and publicity and some plain old common sense and science all circle together in the play... as if driven by a swirling wind. The townspeople of Hillsboro are all caught up in the trial and its divergent issues.

Eventually the trial ends and the town, no longer swept up in the winds of controversy, goes back to life a bit wiser and perhaps more tolerant and with a deeper understanding, of both science and faith, than when the trial began.

I had read somewhere that whales and wolves may be evolutionarily related. Is this true?

The researchers wrote about the first whale which does not look like with today whales, at all, but rather resembles with an animal which could have been a cross between a dog and a pig. Whales lost limbs and by that,the ability to travel on land, about  40 million years ago.

In parts of India and Pakistan have recently discovered a number of fossils of Indohyus, a strange animal that looked like a deer with an unusually long tail and no horns, or as a giant mouse with very long legs.

Studies conducted at the University College of Medicine from Northeastern, Ohio, demonstrates that marine mammals such as whales and dolphins show evolutionary similarities with Indohyus.

Position and shape of certain molars bring Indohyus closer to the first whale, that lived  50 million years ago.

Why was racism used to separate Europeans from Native American & European's from Africans?Need (2) examples fro each with explanations.

The European's were racist in their dealings with both the Native Americans and the Africans.  The word racism is often too harsh of a word for some, and they want to find other reasons that one's behavior exists.  But the white Europeans saw one major difference in them and the strangers of North America and Africa and that was skin color. 

But I also think it is very important to look at the aspects of religion and economics.  Religion was probably as important as their racist views toward the natives and africans.  The teachings of Christian leaders fueled much of the activity of that time period.  The Europeans felt justified in their actions of murder and destruction because they were intending on teaching the "savages" the peaceful religion of Christianity.

And finally economics was the third factor.  The natives stood between the Europeans and large amounts of land and resources.  The africans were also available as slaves and large profits in the plantations of the new world.

The Europeans saw a difference in skin color and used religiona and ecomonic justification in the harsh treatment of natives and africans.

How do "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" and "The Things They Carried" relate to each other?Please use examples from the texts.

In Ambrose Bierce's "An Occurance at Owl Creek Bridge," A planter in his mid-30s is standing on a railroad bridge. Six military men and a company of infantry men are present. The man is to be hanged. As he is waiting, he thinks of his wife and children. Then he is distracted by a tremendous noise. He can not identify this noise, other than that it sounds like the clanging of a blacksmith's hammer on the anvil. He can not tell if it was far away or near by. He finds himself apprehensively awaiting each strike, which seem to grow further and further apart. It is revealed that this noise is the ticking of his watch. Then, an escape plan flashes through his mind, "throw off the noose and spring into the stream. By diving I could evade the bullets and, swimming vigorously, take to the woods and get away home." His thoughts stray back to his wife and children. The soldiers drop him down.

In part two, Peyton Farquhar is a captain in his 30s. He lives in the South and is a major Confederate supporter. He goes out of his way to perform services to support and help the Confederate side. One day, a grey-clad soldier appears at his house and tells Farquhar that the Union soldiers repairing the railroads are at the nearby Owl Creek Bridge. Farquhar takes interest and asks if it is possible to sabotage the stockade the soldiers had set up, to which the soldier tells him that he could burn it down. When the soldier leaves, it is revealed that he is a Union soldier who has tempted Farquhar into a trap.

In part three when he is hanged, the rope breaks. Farquhar falls into the water.Once he reaches the surface, he realizes his senses are very strong. He can see the individual blades of grass and the colors of bugs on the leaves of trees, despite the fact that he is whirling around in a river. Once he realizes that the men are shooting at him, he escapes and makes it to dry land. He travels through an uninhabited and seemingly-unending forest, attempting to reach his home 30 miles away. During his journey through the day and night, he is fatigued, footsore, and famished, urged on by the thought of his wife and children. He starts to experience strange physiological events, hears unusual noises from the wood, and believes he has fallen asleep while walking. He wakes up to see his perfectly preserved home, with his beautiful, youthful, immaculately preserved wife outside it. As he runs forward to reach her, he suddenly feels a searing pain in his neck, a white light flashes, and everything goes black.

It is revealed that Farquhar never escaped at all; he imagined the entire third part of the story during the time between falling through the bridge and the noose finally breaking his neck.

In OBrian's The Things They Carried, the main charcater is in a war in his mind. After he made it through the war she still carried it around inside of him.

In both pieces of literature, the characters experience the war inside of themselves everyday.

In what way are the ladies of the missionary society and Miss Gates (the teacher) hypocrites?

The women in the missionary circle are just the sort with whom Aunt Alexandra would associate. They all come from the right families, have the right amount of money, and the right skin color. During their meeting, they praise the recent conversion to Christianity of the Mruna tribe in Africa. They reveal their own sense of self-righteous superiority by lamenting the poor conditions in which the Mrunas live. Even though the Mrunas seem to have a very complex and effective social order, the "ladies" in this circle maintain their condescending attitudes toward other cultures.

Yet this is nothing compared to how they treat their neighbors. They're willing to donate and support efforts to "better" the situation of a tribe in Africa, but they essentially spit on those living near them. They remark that “no lady is safe in her bed these nights”-referring to Tom's alleged crime. Helen Robinson is described as that “darky’s wife,” and it's said that if the white folks can forgive her, everythng can return to normal. They're practically blaming Helen for their own misguided trial against her husband. Mrs. Merriweather also complains about paying her maid, saying that she has been acting "sulky", and that she should be grateful for any money she gets. She also remarks that "misguided people" shouldn't be "stirring them up", referring to Atticus and his defense of Tom. Miss Maudie calls her out on this though, not afraid to reveal the hypocrisy present. She notes that they sit and eat his food, just as happy as you please, even though they're so willing to disparage him.

Miss Gates is Scout's third grade teacher, and she acts a lot like these missionary women. At first, she seems to have very strong feelings about prejudice, discrimination, and injustice. She teaches a lesson on Hitler and his treatment of the Jews, deriding him as evil. She explains that in America, "democracy" doesn't allow for such behavior. Essentially, it keeps everyone safe from undeserved persecution. But Scout knows better. She tells Jem about a conversation she overheard between Miss Gates and Miss Stephanie after the trial. She reports:

I heard her say it's time somebody taught 'em a lesson, they were gettin' way above themselves, an the next thing they think they can do is marry us.

Scout attempts to understand how someone can so vehemently attack Hitler's treatment of European Jews, then turn around and treat her neighbors in the same way. Thus, she is acting like the women of the missionary circle. All of these women support equality and fight prejudice-just not in their own backyard. There, all the ugliness and petty racism floating just below the surface rises and spills out in a flood of hypocrisy.

Why does Owen use rhetorical questions to open each stanza?

In "Anthem for Doomed Youth," Wilfred Owen is attempting to convey his opposition to World War I.  Owen wants to show the sorrow that war brings and its utter wastefulness (as it destroys the lives of so many young men).

The use of a rhetorical question to open each stanza is meant to help him accomplish this goal.  By using a rhetorical question to begin the stanza, he invites the reader to think about that question.  This allows the reader to be more of a participant in the poem.

When one wants a reader or listener to truly understand and buy into ones point of view, the use of rhetorical questions is effective because it gets them to think about things for themselves. As an example, teachers know this and often try to ask questions whose point is to get students thinking rather than having them just listening to the teacher's talk.

In 1984, describe Winston's feelings for Julia with particular attention to the way these feelings change in the course of Book 2.

At first Julia is the mysterious dark-haired girl who closely resembles his mother.  He dreams of her.  She is a symbol of something he can't quite put his finger on...(can you say Oedipus complex?  Why do men want to marry women who look just like their mothers?)

At the beginning of the novel, Winston is torn as to whom to trust: O'Brien or Julia.  Orwell leads us to believe that it is Julia and not O'Brien who is a member of the Thought Police.  Both may have been members, so the point may be moot, but Winston at first allies with Julia.

Later, Winston and Julia begin their physical relationship outside the city, in the woods (can you say Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden?).  Julia tells him that she sleeps with other members of the party.  Winston is not jealous of this; in fact, he finds her even more seductive knowing that she enjoys sex.  The Party has drained its citizens of their sex drives, and so Winston finds it amazing that anyone has a sexual impulse left.

Winston is mainly attracted to how Julia is so outspoken against the Party, how she is a double-agent, how she can yell and scream during the Two Minutes Hate and then denounce the Party with equal enthusiasm.

They soon form a psuedo-family above the Antique Shop, a pseudo-home.  Their once physical relationship is becoming more intellectual.  They are not just talking of rebellion; they are doing it.  If only those pesky Proles would unite....

Then, they are caught.  Or, at least, Winston is caught.  We never know if Winston was set up by Julia or not.  Orwell leaves it open to make a case either way.  I tend to think she hated Big Brother and loved Winston.  But that may be the reader falling for the same propaganda and doublethink that Winston fell for.

Winston abandons all that Julia helped him believe about Big Brother in pursuit of O'Brien.  Winston ultimately trusts the father-figure (O'Brien) over the mother-figure (Julia), such is the conditioning of the Big Brother.

In the end, Winston sells Julia out, and she sells Winston out.  Their love for each other is easily broken by O'Brien.  Winston loves O'Brien much more by the end of the novel than he ever loved Julia.  Winston and Julia become unpersons.  Or maybe Julia moved on to her next lover in the woods....

How can I write a character sketch of the school teacher in Chapter 2 of To Kill a Mockingbird?

Miss Caroline Fisher is certainly a memorable minor character from the novel and one who is developed sufficiently for you to write a character sketch about her. In fiction writing, much as in life, characters reveal themselves primarily by what they say and do. Also, they are revealed by what others say about them and by what others think and feel about them.

In writing a character sketch of Miss Caroline, begin by making a list of what she says and what she does in the classroom in Chapter 2. Then, make another list of what Scout tells us about her and what Scout thinks and feels about her.

Once you have all your notes, you should be able to identify Miss Caroline's major character traits. For instance, she tries hard to entertain the children, but the story is boring to them because it is so far removed from their daily lives--at least to Scout. She disapproves of Scout's knowing how to read and tells her she can no longer read with Atticus at home because only she can teach Scout properly. Finally, by way of example, she tries to lend money to Walter Cunningham so that he will have something to eat for lunch. She does not realize why he won't accept it.

When you "add up" these examples of what Miss Caroline says and does, you can conclude that she is a sincere teacher, but one who is inexperienced and unfamiliar with the lives of her students. Finding other examples of what she says and does will reveal more about her, as well. Also, your notes about what Scout tells us directly about Miss Caroline and how Scout feels about her will further reveal her character. Writing a good character sketch begins with researching what the character says and does and what others say and feel about him or her. Good luck!

What message does the poet want to convey through the poem, "A Prayer for My Daughter"?I want to know this through explanation of important lines.

In the poem 'Prayer For My daughter' by William Butler Years the poet has two main messages to convey.

His daughter's future love.

'May she be granted beauty and yet not
Beauty to make a stranger's eye distraught,
Or hers before a looking-glass, for such,
Being made beautiful overmuch,
Consider beauty a sufficient end,
Lose natural kindness and maybe
The heart-revealing intimacy
That chooses right, and never find a friend. '

(The poet is thinking about unrequited love here. His own sweetheart never returned his love for dozens of years. Maud Gonne - a beautiful society lady never really had to do anything except be pretty to attract attention - including Yeats misguided love. Yeats hopes his daughter will be pretty but no so much that it will ruin her personality or anyone else's life.)

Political activism and a future fraught with danger:

'Have I not seen the loveliest woman born
Out of the mouth of plenty's horn,
Because of her opinionated mind
Barter that horn and every good
By quiet natures understood
For an old bellows full of angry wind?'

(Yeats saw Maud Gonne as throwing her life away on a dangerous cause (Irish freedom from England) and perceives that in following it she and her friends threw out much that was good. He hopes his own daughter will attract a man from a family who still adheres to those customs and social niceties that have value in terms of keeping society civilized.)

In "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge," does "Man vs. Man" or "Man vs. Nature" apply to the story?

Both of these ideas apply to some degree in Ambrose Bierce's short story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge." The man vs. man relationships are obvious: Farquar, the spy, has been caught by his adversaries, and they are about to execute the sentence of hanging. His imagined escape also involves surviving the pursuit of his captors. If he is the stronger, faster and smarter man, he may yet elude his foes. Farquar's mental images before the hanging certainly involve the man vs. nature angle. He refuses to give up even as he falls with his neck in the noose. His mind convinces him that he can survive the inevitable strangulation if the rope breaks and if he can survive the fall and the drowning and if he can evade the bullets. The images of his family sustain him, as do the real ones of the veins on the leaves and the slow-moving limb in the river below. He imagines that he can run throughout the night and return to his family until his last breath relieves him of the images and possibilities of life.

How does Davies (author) use the idea of 'FIFTH BUSINESS' to develop the character of Dunstan Ramsay?I don't fully understand how the author of the...

Since you understand what "fifth business" is, think of how it applies to Dunstan.  In what ways was he "someone who is neither a hero nor a villain", and how is he on the "sidelines" of life?

There is more than one way to think about Dunstan as "fifth business", I believe, but let's try this one.  If the other "four" actors in the plot are Boy Staunton, Leola Cruikshank, Leisl, and Paul Dempster (Eisengrim), how is he neither a hero nor villain to them?  How is he on the sidelines, neither an actor as the sweetheart, hero, villain, or confidante character (as those roles are filled by the other four)?  I don't believe that these four characters fit pat into these roles, but it could be argued that Boy is the hero (although in the drama of Paul's mother, Boy is the villain), Leola is the sweetheart, Paul Dempster (as Eisengrim, much later) is the villain, and Leisl is the confidante (of the villain this time, not the sweetheart).    To this quad of characters, it can be argued that Dunstan is very much the "fifth", in that he is present and necessary for much of the story of these actors, but he is not really an actor for himself in any of their stories.

As far as the development of Dunstan, I think that it could be argued that he develops after his encounter with Leisl in Mexico, when she tells him to stop being the "fifth business" character in the over-the-top opera plots of other people's lives.  This is while Dunstan is in his fifties, living his strange celibate scholar/teacher lifestyle.  After this conversation, which happens after his first sexual encounter with Leisl, Dunstan seems to live his life somewhat differently.  Especially, he seems to allow himself more latitude to do what he pleases, especially when he retires and goes and lives in Switzerland with Leisl and Eisengrim.  He seems to have fewer worries about "paying" for his saved life by self-denial and writing hagiography.

I also think that it could be argued that this identification with "fifth" business has a direct bearing on what Dunstan does in later books.  It's hard to show the full arc of development without including the other two books of the trilogy, The Manticore and World of Wonders, but you could show that Dunstan becomes more reconciled with life after he finally has a name for what he has lived most of his life as.

There are other interpretations of the "fifth business" arrangement -- the ones including himself as the hero, Boy as the villain, Mary Dempster as the sweetheart, and the young Paul Dempster as the confidante (when Dunstan takes pity on the boy and teaches him conjuring tricks.)  This can be flipped, and Dunstan can even be cast as the villain, for it is he who is the target for the snowball with the rock in it thrown by Boy, which hits Mary Dempster and causes Paul's premature birth and his mother's madness.  Also, Dunstan teaches Paul the tricks which get him into the World of Wonders, and leads him into a life of virtual slavery and sexual exploitation, and separates mother from son forever.  The operatic roles only fit under certain circumstances, and from certain points of view.  Dunstan can be seen as both the "fifth" and, at various times, one of the main actors in his own story, and in others'.  That is part of the point of the book -- that at any one time we can be any one of the four roles or, as is most often, the "inevitable fifth".

What are the factors on which bond length depends?

a) Size of atoms – Bond length increases with the increase in size of the

atoms e.g. bond length between H & Cl in HCl = 127 pm whereas bond

length between C & Cl, C — Cl = 177 pm.

b) Nature of bonds – Bond length decreases with the multiplicity of

bonds because attractive forces between electrons and nuclei will

increase with the increase in number of shared electrons between

bonded atoms e.g. in C — C , bond length is 154 pm whereas in C ═ C

bond length is 134 pm.

3) Bond angle – As we know that the molecules formed by covalent bond are

oriented in a specific direction. As a result the atoms of these molecules

develop a bond angle.

The bond angle is defined as the average angle between the orbitals

containing bonding electron pairs around the central atom in a molecule. It is

expressed in degree / minute / second. It helps in determining the shape of

the molecules because it gives an idea about the distribution of orbitals

around the central atom in a molecule.

Solve the following algebraic expression:[5z-(x+2y)]-[3x-(y-2z)]

This expression is testing your knowledge of the order of operations and the concept of like terms.  The order of operations states that you should work from the inside out when removing grouping symbols.  Basically, if a negative occurs in front of a grouping symbol, meaning (), {}, [], etc., it is telling you to take the negative sign into the grouping symbol.   This process changes the sign of everything inside the grouping symbols. 

Additionally, you have to remember the basic rules of multiplying negatives and positives.  If you are multiplying a negative and a negative you answer will be positive. Likewise, negative times a positive will give you a negative answer.  Basically the rules mean: If you have an odd number of negative signs in your multiplication problem you will have a negative answer and an even number of negative signs will yield a positive answer.  Your expression would be simplified as follows:

[5z – (x + 2y)] – [3x –(y – 2z)]   be careful with your signs

[5z – x – 2y] – [3x – y + 2z]  drop the first grouping symbol

                                        and apply the negative the

                                         second

5z – x – 2y – 3x + y – 2z        rearrange your like terms and

                                          combine

5z – 2z – x – 3x – 2y + y

3z - 4x - y

How does the first part of chapter 9 in The Great Gatsby attempt to sort out the results of Gatsby's death?

Hmm...the wording of this question is a bit difficult to decipher, namely the part that asks the answerer to "...sort out the results of Gatsby's death?"  Personally, I don't think that Gatsby's death has much of result that needs to be sorted out.  That is what is so tragic about it.

Think about it: who really cared that "the great" Gatsby was dead? Daisy sorted out her own situation by essentially running away with Tom.  Gatsby's business affairs were never legitimate, so there are no problems with that (though, I suppose, someone will eventually have to sort out his various dealings.)  He had no wife or kids, so there was no problem of who to give his things to (his dad was the only real relative he had who was alive.)  His old friends and business associates abandon him and wouldn't even attend his funeral.  Only Nick stayed interested in the "legacy" of Gatsby.

So you can see why the question of "sorting out" the results of Gatsby's death is a difficult one to answer.  Very simplistically, the beginning of the chapter was written by Nick several years later with an eye toward answering a few questions about what Gatsby was like a kid (when the dad reveals his son's childhood journal) and how his friends reacted to his death (indifferently).

It is the "falling action" part of the story and tries to tie up a few loose ends.

Why is the book titled The Outsiders?

In society there are always going to be social groups that are accepted by a society and those that are not accepted.  Hinton, the author, began writing "The Outsiders" when she was only sixteen years old.  Adolescence is a time when children struggle hard to find the social group in which they are accepted.   Some children in modern day society may associated themselves with Goth clothing, body piercings, and/or name brand clothing.  It has always been a social myth that just because a child is a cheerleader, football player, has nice things, and is in the academically promising group, that the child is a benefit to society.  Under the same myth, society looks to the opposite characteristics to stereotype those groups in which the style of dress, group behaviors, lifestyle, and economic status, as being outside of social acceptance.  Hinton titled her book "The Outsiders" to demonstrate that the Greasers were considered to fall into this group.

How would you discuss the ways in which sociologists study everyday life?

Sociology is concerned with understanding the behavior of people within a social context. It involves how people behave as members of society, of social institutions and other groups. Understanding of these aspects of human behavior is based on study of general conditions and behavior of society including, population studies, social behavior, social institutions, cultural influences and social change.

Study of everyday life, which is influenced substantially by culture, and which reflects the culture to some extent is an important aspect of the social behavior.To study such behavior sociologists normally work with small groups, observing and studying various aspects of their behavior such as attitudes, conformity, leadership and other roles adopted by individuals and their status. They study how people interact with each other, take decisions and resolve their differences. They pay particular attention to norms of behavior and pressure for conformity exerted by the group.

Sociologists rely primarily on three main methods of collecting data. These include field surveys, controlled experiments, and field observation. Most surveys consist of collecting data form sampled respondents on areas of interest to the researcher. Such data may consist of personal traits of individuals such as attitudes, beliefs, and opinions. Surveys may also collect information on observable behavior of the respondents or others.

Controlled experiments are best suited for study of behavior in small groups. In most cases two groups are formed which are very similar to each other except in one specific aspects such as sex, education, income level, and so on. Both the groups are assigned to perform independently a common task, or subject to identical situation calling for some reaction from the group. The behavior of these groups is observed, recorded and analyzed by trained sociologists.

Field investigation usually involves a trained sociologist living with a particular community that is the subject of study. The researcher observes various aspects of their behavior. He or she may also collect additional information on aspects such as the purpose and meaning of their specific actions, by talking to the members of the community. The information such collected is recorded and analysed to draw general conclusions.

What do you think Macbeth should do to gain control of his feelings?What are things he can do to get control of hiself?

This is a question which calls for a personal opinion.  Here's mine:  from the beginning of the play, Macbeth is governed by his emotions.  In order to gain control of his feelings, Macbeth must follow logic.  He knows the difference between right and wrong, but he has given in to his ambition and greed.  He even states that "the instruments of darkness tell us truth" at the beginning of the play.  Meaning that he knows that what he is doing is wrong, and he does it anyway.  Macbeth must follow his better judgement and start listening to Banquo and his own conscience in order to gain control of his feelings.

When would total costs equal fixed costs ?

In business an economics the composition and behavior of cost of production is expressed using different models. In one such model, which closely reflects the reality of cost behavior in many firms, the total cost of production is divided in two cost components - fixed cost and variable cost. The total cost is equal to fixed cost plus variable cost.

The fixed cost component is called fixed because it remains fixed irrespective of total quantity produced. This cost is incurred for items like rent for the land and building, depreciation, interest, and salary of top management. These cost are related to the production capacity created by the firm rather than the actual production. This fixed cost incurred by a firm remains same irrespective of the extent to which the production capacity is utilized. So it will be same irrespective of whether the production is zero or upto 100% production capacity.

The variable cost is directly proportional to the actual volume of production. If variables cost for one unit of production is x, then for N units of production it will be N times x. The variable costs are incurred for things like direct raw material and direct labour used for production,

From above discussion it becomes clear that a firm's total cost will be equal to fixed cost only when its production is zero, but the firm continues to exist and maintain its productive capacity.

If the firm closes down completely, rather than just stopping production for some period,  then the firm will no longer have any capacity to produce even one unit of product. In such a case the fixed cost will also become zero. The company may have to bear some losses in closing down, but once it is closed down there are no costs of any type incurred.

What do you think accounts for the continuing popularity of A Raisin in the Sun?In 1959, this play was considered a realistic portrayal of a...

While some of the segregation and racial tensions from Raisin have mostly disappeared, the play still addresses universal human issues which allows it to appeal to a wide array of audiences. For example:

1. Beneatha's search for identityas a college student is one that most humans have experienced. Consider how many college students switch from one major to another, just as Beneatha changes from one interest to another.

2. Walter and Mama's struggle for authorityis also a conflict with which most sons can relate, especially if they have ever lived in their parents' home as adults. Walter's struggle for recognition as a man is even more evident because he, as the head of his household, still has to live under his mother's roof. 

3. The desire to have a place of one's own appeals to most humans--whether it's a home with no landlord telling you how to live or owning a business with no boss breathing down your neck.

Finally, Hansberry includes a great deal of humor in the play which provides comic relief while allowing the audience to ponder serious issues.

In "1984" since Orwell puts a great deal of emphasis into the discussion on rats, what can we assume?Book 2, Chapter 4

There's not a lot that we can assume, except for that for some reason, they are going to play a role in the story.  It's one of those things that you take note of, and think, "Huh, that's kinda weird," but then move on, and don't really think about until it comes again later, and you realize, "THAT'S why he put it in."  For some reason that isn't really explained too well, Winston is terrified of rats.  He makes this quite evident when he is with Julia in their hideout, when rats surface.  They do their best to block the holes and keep the rats out, but it is significant because we learn that Winston, a grown man, is mortally terrified of these scurrying rodents.

So, Orwell let us know that about Winston for some reason, which is not quite clear yet.  We are let in on the fact that there is something out there in the world that he fears, greatly.  We can assume that that fear will come into play somehow later on in the story, but we don't know how just yet.  Orwell is very careful and meticulous in his plot though, and everything ties in somehow.  So keep your eyes open for that later on:  the rats become significant.  I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!

Prove the identity cos (pi/5)=[(sqrt 5) + 1]/4

We know that  cos [2* (Pi/5)] = -cos [Pi - 2* (Pi/5)] =

= - cos [3* (Pi/2)]

Expanding both sides and putting cos(Pi/5) = x we get:

2x^2-1= -( 4x^3-3x) or

4x^3+2x^2-3x-1=0

(x+1)(4x^2-2x-1)=0

4x^2-2x-1 =0 gives: x= (2+sqrt20)/(2*4) or x= (2-sqrt20)/8 or x=-1,

But Pi/5 is an acute angle (equal t0 36 degree). So co 36 is a positive angle and x= (2+sqrt20)/8 or (1+sqrt5)/4 only valid.

So x = (1+sqrt5)/4 or

cos(Pi/5) = (1+sqrt5)/4

What is Boo Radley--archetype, stereotype, cliche, symbol, catalyst, foil, and social example of?To Kill A Mockingbird

In Harper Lee's "To Kill a Mockingbird," Boo Radley becomes for the children a prototype of the bizarre recluse who is to be feared.  For the town of Maycomb, Alabama, he is simply the stereotypical odd recluse with which many Southern towns were acquainted since there were few mental institutions where such people could be "sent off."

The mockingbird mentioned in the title becomes symbolic of Tom Robinson and Boo Radley both since, as Miss Maudie instructs the children, mockingbirds never bother anyone;

...they just sing their hearts out for us.  That's why it's a sin to kill a mockingbird.

As the mockingbird, Boo tries to bring enjoyment to the children while displaying his love for them by repairing Jem's pants when he rips them on the Bradley fence, and by leaving little gifts for Jem and Scout. Certainly, with his tenderness and concern for the children, he acts as a foil to Bob Ewell, whose vindictiveness against Atticus Finch is turned upon the innocent Scout and Jem as they return from the halloween pageant. Of course, the significance of the title becomes evident with Boo's heroic gesture.  For, as the sheriff tells Atticus, it would be a shame/"sin" to incarcerate Boo/"a mockingbird" for having killed Ewell.

Boo Radley's presence in the novel acts as a catylst for the motifs of superstition and appearance, motifs which play into the maturation of the narrator, Scout.  As she matures, Scout realizes that the "haints" and the bizarre Boo Radley are not what she has believed.  Instead, Scout sees that Boo is a delicate person who must hide from the harsh world; yet, he is brave and protective:

Atticus was right.  One time he said you never really know a man until you stand in his shoes and walk around in thhem.  Just standing on the Radley porch was enough.

His courage in coming out to defend Scout and Jem exemplifies how misunderstood Boo has been.  So often in a small society such as Maycomb do people prejudge a person such as Boo, believing him malevolent because they fail to understand them.  In reality, Boo is a true hero.

What does Atticus look like and what aspects are important to and about him in To Kill a Mockingbird?Also, can you please add all the adjectives...

    One of the most difficult things about trying to mentally picture Harper Lee's character in To Kill a Mockingbird is that no matter how hard you try, actor Gregory Peck is always omnipresent. I believe it is important to read a story and create your own mental image of the characters before allowing a motion picture to distort that view forever. Such is the case with Peck in the film version of TKAM. His Oscar-winning performance is one of the greatest in film history, and it is virtually impossible to think of Atticus without picturing Peck in his light suit and glasses, humbly imploring the jury to acquit Tom or playfully dealing with his tomboy daughter.
    But sticking only to Lee's rather sparse descriptions from the novel, we know that Atticus, who is "nearly fifty," wears glasses--"he was nearly blind in his left eye and said left eyes were the tribal curse of the Finches." Although not athletic, he is fit--he walks virtually everywhere and rarely drives his car. He is tall (though his height is never specified), since his brother "Jack is a head shorter than Atticus" and has "graying black hair and square cut features." He usually wears a suit, vest and tie, and when he takes off his coat and loosens his tie in the courtroom, Scout compares it to him being "naked." Very little else is said concerning Atticus' appearance.
    Atticus has a "profound distaste for the practice of criminal law," though he appears to be the quintessential example of an honest, liberal Southern attorney. He is proud to be of the "common folk," and reminds Scout that she is of the same stock. Miss Maudie claims that "Atticus Finch is the same in his house as he is on the public streets"--he puts on no airs. As are most lawyers, he is an avid reader and, Jem proudly boasts, "Atticus is a gentleman, just like me."
    Atticus is honest, loving, highly intelligent, humble and thoughtful--just as Gregory Peck plays him in the movie.

In times of conflict, it is difficult for the individual to stand against the group? Why is this so hard for some characters throughout the play?

One of the most pressing issues that is evoked from Miller's work is the role of the individual set against the community.  In American political thought, this has been one of the most problematic issues since the times of the framers of the Constitution.  The hope would be that the individual would be able to work within the community setting or that the community would be tolerant of the individual's belief systems.  Yet, when injecting the poison of paranoia and fear into the equation, Miller suggests that circumstances change and literally, "all bets are off."  In "The Crucible," the issue is witchcraft, and the fear that strikes at the heart of Salem's citizens are twofold:  Who is a witch and the fear of being accused as a witch.  Miller argues that within a climate of fear and paranoia, there is a tendency for the worst of individuals to arise both in social interactions, where bonds of loyalty and trust are dissolved out of pure fear, and political machinations, where the most corrupt are able to seize the moment and stage for their own benefit.

These would be the conditions that try the will of the individuals in the play.  The insecurity and fear felt by those who wish to be left alone, and not fight the accusations, cause them to remain silent.  This is why some of them refuse to take a stand and sign confessions that are not true.  For this reason, the actions of John Proctor, Elizabeth, and Giles Corey, to name a few, are all the more heroic, for they stand against the tyranny of the majority to preserve the rights of the few.  While death is the reality for each of them, Miller shows that the right to speak the truth and clearly defend one's name does not need an end result for it is its own good.  Understanding it, recognizing it, and acting upon it are different things in a setting where trust and loyalty are replaced by bitterness, fear, and self interest.

What would be the best thesis for a research paper 6-8 pages long on the impact of the Industrial Revolution in the U.S.?I have been trying to...

There are a lot of topics about the industrial revolution that one can choose. For a thesis to be good, it should try to be insightful. Try to build a thesis that is not ordinary or one that has a slight different point of view. In this way, it will be thought provoking in the least. But I need to warn you that you should have good reasons for your thesis. With that said, how about the following suggestions.

First, any topic that deals with the industrial revolution and religion would be interesting, like long term effects of religion. Some might say that the industrial revolution lead to the decline of religion, but there is a strong argument to be made that it lead to stronger religion. People eventually get disillusioned.

Second, you can write about the industrial revolution and race. Did the industrial revolution lead to more immigration and how did this all play out?

Third, how about exploring the industrial revolution with a modern concern, the environment.

Good luck!

Describe the various features in a eco-system that save energy.around 40-50 words

Green houses have become a worldwide fashion and not because they are showy, but because they save energy. The first designer and architect who talked about ecological houses was Professor Philip S. Wens, who two centuries ago thought to create human habitats  to be integrated into natural ecosystems.Wens teacher even taught a course at the University of Berkeley, explaining how an ecological house is a kind of ecosystem.

In Wens' opinion ,an ecological house could be a producer  useful in a larger system to which it belongs. In addition to special materials, an ecological house must have a certain orientation to the sun and not a very deep foundation field. Ideally, an ecological house should imitate a natural ecosystem in which all components to be in connection.

Features which can save energy

Manufacturers say that a good thermal insulation significantly reduce heating costs in winter or air conditioning in summer. A typical configuration for external walls of a green house is composed of: panels of gypsum, the barrier (or semi-permeable membrane), vapor, bearing wooden structure, made up of Cases with size 150x50 mm, positioned perpendicular to the direction of the wall and forming spaces 410 mm or 610 mm.

Green houses are phonic insulating.

Experts say that a wooden house is insulating medium. When the area is sound highly polluted location , manufacturers may add additional material walls, the role isolation, or adopt specific constructive solutions, in which is made the acoustic separation of the two wall surfaces.

 Green homes save energy

Green houses allow economic energy saving  with an efficient thermal insulation system: 0,29-0,10 W / mpk. Such passive houses can be built - without energy consumption and houses with very low heat consumption . Under this system, the heating costs in winter and cooling in summer, are reduced by 50-85%. Power is saved with the helpof  the isolation of heating and running water. Polystyrene tubes can be buried in the interior walls or placed in special channels of the system.

Types of ecological houses

House made from panels.

 It is the most financially advantageous. It adapts to most landscapes. This type of house walls are made from a skeleton, consisting of wooden elements spaced at 60 cm, between them  being placed  insulating materials.

House of roundwood.

There are two types of wood from which  is built this type of house. One is from calibrated round wood, where logs are  processed in the same size and other from non-calibrated roundwood, when logs are by approximate dimensions. 

Experts say that, because of round wood and round wooden cuts used,  houses are resistant to any attempt. In addition, round logs do not require insulation. 

In "High and Lifted Up", what is the moral lesson?

So are you talking about the very short story by this title, written by a guy named Mike Krath?  I hope so, because that's the story I'm talking about here...

I believe the moral to this story is that it's important to see "the big picture" in order to be wise and make good decisions.  Often, if you are focused on your own immediate desires, you can make big mistakes.

In the story, Tommy and his friend the maple leaf only want to have fun.  They want to go to the city dump because that's where the maple leaf's friends are and they can have fun there.  They blow along at a low level and don't really know where they're going.

The old leaf blows up high.  He can see a long way and he can tell that there's a fire burning at the dump.  He tries to warn Tommy and the maple leaf, but they don't listen.

So I think the moral is that you should try to rise above your immediate desires and look at the long term/big picture.  This will prevent you from harming yourself while you are pursuing short-term pleasure.

Why did Dill run away from home and back to Maycomb in To Kill a Mockingbird?

At first, Dill tells Scout that his step-father locked him in the basement with chains, from which he escaped to the Finches' home. But later, after Jem has told Atticus of Dill's presence, Dill has eaten & bathed, & Dill and Scout are in bed, he tells her the actual truth.

"That wasn't it, he-they just wasn't interested in it me.

This was the weirdest reason for flight I had ever heard. "How come?"

"Well, they stayed gone all the time, and when they were home, even, they'd get off in a room by themselves."

"What'd they do in there?"

"Nothin', just sittin' and readin'-but they didn't want me with 'em."

So basically, Dill feels neglected and somewhat rejected by his mother and step-father. He goes on to say that they buy him anything he wants, but then tell him to play with it in another room. It also seems as though he doesn't live up to their expectations of how a boy should behave, because he's not really interested in sports, & instead hangs around the house "worryin' his folks." Dill feels they would be better off without him there, so he takes it upon himself to leave.

Can you identify the error in the following statement about demand curves?The price of t-shirts keeps rising, but people keep buying more t-shirts....

If I'm understanding your question correctly, you need to explain how people could buy more t-shirts as the price rises (and you can't say that the the demand curve is upward sloping).

On that assumption, here goes.

What's happening here is not that the demand curve is upward sloping but rather that something is working to increase demand (that is, to move the whole demand curve to the right).  Some things that could do this:

T-shirts might be an inferior good and people are getting poorer.  Therefore they demand more t-shirts than before and the demand curve moves.

The price of other clothing options goes up and so people turn to t-shirts.  Demand goes up.

At any rate, just graph this for yourself.  Draw a demand curve and a supply curve.  Then draw a second demand curve to the right.  You'll see that the equilibrium price and quantity both go up even though the demand curve is still downward sloping.

Provide the summary for the book in easy words.plz write in simple words.

The novel discusses the complex nature of its protagonist, Holden Caulfield.  The opening of the work takes place at Pencey Prep, the school where Holden attends, but has been thrown out due to low grades.  Holden is wrapping up his time there, and in the last couple of days, which we have been given a glimpse, we understand the nature of both Pencey Prep and Holden, himself.  Holden detests the school as he sees it as not "a finishing school for young men," but rather a factory of conformity that produces phony individuals. Holden discusses some of these people, like Stradlater, Ackley, or one of his teachers, Mr. Spencer.  Through individual stories, the phoniness becomes too much for Holden, who leaves one night, yelling at his classmates while they sleep.  Understanding that he cannot go home immediately, as his early arrival will bring with it questions from his parents, the novel then shifts to New York City and Holden's experiences within it. Here again, we see Holden's complex nature, as he demonstrates himself to be, at moments, not a very nice person, yet showing himself to be sensitive enough to not be comfortable with taking advantage of women.  This dynamic is brought out from his time at Pencey Prep to New York City.  Such complexities are brought fully to the surface in the last part of the work, where Holden goes home.  His hatred of the world is equally matched by the love he holds for his sister, Phoebe.  Their dialogues reveal his very strong sense of pessimism coexists with a strong optimism, as shown in his desire to want to run away from home, yet not be completely abandon his life with Phoebe.  Holden may dislike human beings, but he envisions himself as "a catcher in the rye," as someone who will save children off of the edge of a cliff when they are in trouble.  The work ends with Holden telling his parents about his being thrown out of Pencey.

What purpose does production possibility frontier serve (PPF)?What is the point or what does it show?

The main point of production possibility frontiers is to illustrate the concept of opportunity cost.

Economically speaking, every decision has an opportunity cost.  Whenever one chooses to use resources for one thing, those resources cannot be used for something else.  If the US economy chooses to make x number of tanks, the materials that went into those tanks cannot be made into cars.

A ppf illustrates that concept.  It shows that as an economy produces more of one thing, it has to produce less of something else (assuming that it is producing at 100% of its capacity).

Additionally, ppfs are used to illustrate the ideas of efficiency and inefficiency (by points on or within the line, respectively).  They also help us understand that economic growth involves being able to make more of one of the goods without having to sacrifice some of the other.

How does Desdemona's divided duty between her father and Othello affect their Othello's and Desdemona's relationship?To what extent does it make...

Women in Elizabethan England and medieval Italy were little more than domestic servants who were at the whim of their fathers, then husbands.  Marriages were arranged and accounts were settled.  Women were, as Emilia says, food for men's stomachs.  The pre-married Desdemona of Act I seems to realize this...

The Desdemona of Act I is very different from the Desdemona from the rest of the play.  The Act I Desdemona elopes with a black man twice her age; she defies her father openly in court.  She seems a modern woman: outspoken, marrying on her terms, hardly the girl who willingly submits to her executioner husband in Act V.

Brabantio's parting words to Othello foreshadow her doom: he says, "She has deceived her father, and may thee."  Othello rationalizes Brabantio's words while in Venice, but he jealously dwells on them once in Cyprus.  He makes the mistake of using the double standard against her, as he sentences her to death.  Salman Rusdie, famous author and critic, says that Othello never loved her; instead, she was his trophy wife; his status symbol for making it in the white, civilized society; his Barbie doll; his Oscar statuette.  In short, Rushdie says Othello reifies her: treats her like property.  A military man who has been so good at killing with his hands for so long does not make a good husband.

In another famous poem, "Speaking of Poetry," John Peale Bishop says the marriage is likewise doomed.  He calls Desdemona a grasshopper who married a stallion.  He says the marriage is a mismatch and it is inevitable that she will be smothered:

For then, though she may pant again in his black arms (his weight resilient as a Barbary stallion's)
she will be found when the ambassadors of the Venetian state arrive again smothered...

...Desdemona was small and fair,
delicate as a grasshopper
at the tag-end of summer: a Venetian to her noble finger tips.

In "Great Expectations" by Charles Dickens, how is Wemmick characterized?

Charles Dickens is such a talented writer when it comes to creating unique, memorable, entertaining and engaging characters.  His stories are filled with amusing and singular supporting cast members; he makes these supporting characters so memorable through a combination of detailed physical descriptions, giving them unique quirks and mannerisms, and through giving them depth and dimension.

Wemmick has unique physical features, quirks, and depth, and as a result is a recipe for a classic Dickens character.  We first meet Wemmick through second-hand accounts, as the infamous Mr. Jaggers rails his pleading clients with the question, "Have you paid Wemmick yet?"  We get an impression, from these accounts, that Wemmick is a sidearm to Mr. Jaggers and someone to be dealt with.  He is the man that fearful people must pay.  When we meet him, Dickens throws in some very detailed and colorful commentary on various aspects of his appearance:

"A square wooden face, whose expression seemed to have been imperfectly chiseled out with a dull-edged chisel...he had glittering eyes--small, keen, and black--and thin mottled lips...his mouth was such a postoffice of a mouth."

He also describes a pock-marked nose, and various rings and tokens on his fingers.  So, Dickens characterizes his appearance as a solid wooden block with poorly made dints in it.  That is a very unique and interesting image that he creates.

Wemmick also has a soft side, and Dickens rounds out his stoic, stiff, uncaring professional side (that we see as he works for Jaggers) by giving him a quaint, cute house filled with little quirks and an old, ailing parent that he takes care of.  Wemmick loves his house, loves his old father, and quite enjoys gardening and other such things.  So, he is given depth and softness to his otherwise stern appearance and personna at work.

Overall, Wemmick is a stern, stolid character whose tough side is left behind at work; at home, he is an affectionate, caring, domestic man who cares for family and comforts.  I hope that those thoughts help to flesh him out for you!  Good luck!

Who is the dicoverer of Alexander Disease and when was it discovered?

ALX, or Alexander disease, is discovered in 1949 by the Australian pathologist W. Stewart Alexander, who reported about an infantile case.

This disease is synonymous with von Willebrand disease.

Rare form of leucodystrophy in infants, characterized by macrocephaly with encephalopathy and hydrocephalus.

The aetiology is uncertain: immaturity cells would prevent nerve fibers to be wrapped up by myelin during nerve development, as usually happens. Grim prognosis, with death by the age of two years.

Why was Jonas so careful in his use of language?In Lois Lowry's story 'The Giver.'

This first answer explains to what extent the individual is controlled in the Community. However, the fact that Jonas is so careful about his speech is not really something unique which distinguishes him from others; rather, he has been conditioned to choose his words carefully since this is one thing highly valued by the Community itself. At the Ceremony of Twelve, for example, when it was (Jonas' best friend) Asher's turn to receive his Assignment, the Chief Elder related an amusing anecdote about Asher receiving a "smack" instead of a snack until he could pronounce the word properly.

Controlling speech is indeed a way to control thoughts and feelings, so it is a shock to Jonas to receive the permission to lie in his role as the Community's new Receiver of Memory. He begins to wonder if everybody else has received the permission to lie as well and starts to doubt the credibility of the Communitiy's values system as a whole. In a way this prepares him for another shock to come when he understands the true meaning of being "released," and it spurs him on to his final decision to escape with Gabriel before he, too, is killed by simple protocol.

The firm's entire marginal cost curve is its short run supply curve. Is this statement true or false?explain your answer.

This statement is not entirely true.  While it is true that part of the marginal cost curve is the same as the supply curve not ALL of the marginal cost curve is part of the supply curve.

Instead, ONLY the part of the marginal cost curve that lies above its minimum point is part of the supply curve.

For firms in perfect competition, the price of their good is always going to be the same as their marginal cost.  That is why the marginal cost curve is the same as the supply curve above that minimum point.

Here's a link to more of an explanation. 

http://www.amosweb.com/cgi-bin/awb_nav.pl?s=wpd&c=dsp&k=perfect+competition,+short-run+supply+curve

Characterize Phoenix Jackson from "A Worn Path" by Eudora Welty.

Eudora Welty’s story “A Worn Path” introduces one of the great characters in literature---Phoenix Jackson.  Phoenix lives near Natchez, Mississippi, in the middle of the twentieth century.  Life in the south still found prejudice rampant toward the black people. 

Phoenix has been traveling the worn path with a distinct purpose.  Her grandson swallowed lye about three years ago burning his throat almost killing him.  Now, his grandmother has to go to Natchez to pick up the medicine that he needs to survive.  This is her purpose in life---to make her grandson’s life as happy as possible.

Physically, the author’s description creates a picture of a small, old black woman walking along with an umbrella that she uses as a cane and a weapon if needed.   

She looked straight ahead. Her eyes were blue with age. Her skin had a pattern all its own of numberless branching wrinkles…middle of her forehead, but a golden color ran underneath, and the two knobs of her cheeks were illumined by a yellow burning under the dark. Under the red rag her hair came down on her neck in the frailest of ringlets, still black, and with an odor like copper.

Welty chose the name of Phoenix for this wonderful character to allude to the Egyptian mythological bird that was said to be colored with brilliant scarlet and gold plumage [which are the colors that the author relates to the protagonist].  It lived a long life and then was consumed in flames.  It rose out of its ashes to live again.  

Phoenix travels this path filled with thorns, bushes, creeks, wild animals, and rocks.  Her constant banter, although humorous, portrays the difficulty of the long trek for the elderly woman who will not give up until she gets the medicine and returns to her grandson.

On this trip, Phoenix winds up in a ditch from which she cannot seem to extricate herself.  A hunter happens up and helps her out.  He immediately displays his prejudice by talking down to the elderly woman calling her granny, telling her to go home, and implying that she is going to town to see Santa Claus.  Phoenix cleverly gets the best of him when he drops a nickel which she picks up without him knowing it.

When she arrives at the doctor’s office, Phoenix again faces bias from the receptionist.  After her trip, Phoenix has to sit down.  Throughout her journey, there are hints that the old lady has some kind of dementia.  At other times, her view is clear.  When she remembers why she is there at the doctor’s office, the nurse brings her the much needed medicine.  The receptionist gives her a nickel in the spirit of Christmas. 

The dime that Phoenix has delights her.  She will purchase a present for her grandson.  Then she will return to the worn path and travel until she reaches the arms and love of her child

What is the scientific notation of 204,500?

204500=2.045*10^5 . Here the right side number in scientific notation.

Scientific notation of a number of number has the format:

 [s]n.abcde * 10^m,  where n is a digit  from 1 to 9, s is the sign of the number(positive or negative)and a,b,c,d etc are the digits and m is also an integer(positive or negative).

Whatever is the number given , divide it by a number which is an integral power of 10 such that the quotient is from 1 to 9 and the fractional part appears after decimal point.

Example:

2<204500 /10^5 <3.Therefore, 204500= (204500/10^5)*10^5=2.045*10^5.

204500=0.2045*10^6. But the right side number is not in scientific notation as the unit place digit is 0, which is not according to definition.

204500=20.45*10^4 . Here alsothe number on the right side  is not in scientific notation .It isonly an equal in value number.

So, why would characters in New Moon look ancient if they are vampires who do not age?In New Moon the readers are introduced to the "Volturi."...

The Volturi's Aro, Marcus and Caicus are old with wisdom; they are in their 30's frozen with age. But, yes, they are older then 3000 years. Carlisle "The Blonde Angel" is also in his mid/late twenties and into his early thirties, although he is past 300 years old and working on 400.

Aro is the leader of the Volturi (for those who don't know what the Volturi is, as Edward says; "The Volturi is the closest thing we have to royalty." It is a family consisting of many vampires with outstanding abilities that not many Vampires are lucky to have.

Edward can read minds, he and his sister Alice (No, unfortunately, not me) who can see the future to the best of her ability, were asked many of a times to join the Volturi. They both said "no" staying with their in so many ways family. Jasper, also, has uncanny abilities to change peoples moods. Jane, one of the Volturi members can make you feel the worst pain imaginable, with only looking at you. It is only a figment of the mind though. Alec, Jane's twin brother has a power that is the exact opposite of Jane; he can make you feel nothing, nothing at all; he makes you feel numb. Makes you feel nothing. Aro, the head of the Volturi can read minds, but, unlike Edward, he has to touch you and only what you are thinking at that time period.

There are many other powers of the Volturi, more then I can think of right now at the moment. I might come up later and finish up some more vampires with uncanny abilities. :)

With Love and Care,

♥Little Alice!♥

Hi. I would like to know if you could give me a quote of an order that Lady Macbeth gives to Macbeth after Act II, Scene III?Thank you

No, there really is nothing in Act 2, Scene 3 that qualifies as an order from Lady Macbeth. But after that act and scene there are a few instances.

In Act 3, Scene 2, both Macbeth and his lady are not all that happy with their lives after the murder that they thought would bring them so much (ah, the grass is always greener...). Macbeth comes scowling to his wife and she says to him:

Come on,

Gentle my lord, sleek o'er your rugged looks;

Be bright and jovial among your guests tonight.

It's not that she's all that bubbly herself, but she does try to cheer him up. Then he goes on to tell her how tortured his mind is by the danger that Banquo presents for him, and Lady Macbeth says, "You must leave this." She wants him to quit talking that way, but he suggests everything will be OK once Banquo and his son are out of the way.

Then, of course, in Scene 4 of the same act, there is the formal dinner party where Banquo's ghost makes an uninvited, late appearance.  All through that scene a very embarrassed Lady Macbeth makes all kinds of protestations about Macbeth's weird behavior. She would give him plenty of stern of orders, but she has to seem to be the respectful and understanding wife.

After this scene, we do not see Lady Macbeth again until she has gone mad at which time she can't even keep her own order, let alone give any orders to her husband.

How can we tell through the character that there is hate in Romeo and Juliet?

Even before the play begins, hateful language (in bold) is established by the Chorus in the prologue:

From ancient grudge break to new mutiny,
Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean.
From forth the fatal loins of these two foes
A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life;
Whole misadventured piteous overthrows
Do with their death bury their parents' strife.
The fearful passage of their death-mark'd love,
And the continuance of their parents' rage,

Hate is most embodied in Tybalt, who says:

What, drawn, and talk of peace! I hate the word,
As I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee:
Have at thee, coward!

After the brawl the Prince warns both families:

Canker'd with peace, to part your canker'd hate:
If ever you disturb our streets again,
Your lives shall pay the forfeit of the peace.

Romeo soon after meditates on the absurdity of the families' hate, using oxymorons:

Here's much to do with hate, but more with love.
Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate!

Juliet echoes this after she finds out she's fallen for a Montague:

My only love sprung from my only hate!
Too early seen unknown, and known too late!

Romeo, in the balcony scene, hates his name:

I know not how to tell thee who I am:
My name, dear saint, is hateful to myself,
Because it is an enemy to thee;
Had I it written, I would tear the word.

And he foreshadows his death, which is ironically caused by love as much as hate,

My life were better ended by their hate,
Than death prorogued, wanting of thy love.

Tybalt picks a fight with Romeo, thus causing his death...

Romeo, the hate I bear thee can afford
No better term than this,--thou art a villain.

...and Romeo's exile by the Prince:

Immediately we do exile him hence:
I have an interest in your hate's proceeding,
My blood for your rude brawls doth lie a-bleeding;

Romeo again foreshadows his suicide to the Nurse and Friar Lawrence:

As if that name,
Shot from the deadly level of a gun,
Did murder her; as that name's cursed hand
Murder'd her kinsman. O, tell me, friar, tell me,
In what vile part of this anatomy
Doth my name lodge? tell me, that I may sack
The hateful mansion.

Juliet pretends to hate Romeo, but really she hates Paris and her parents' idea of arranged marriage:

I will not marry yet; and, when I do, I swear,
It shall be Romeo, whom you know I hate,
Rather than Paris.

When Juliet pretends to die, her mother says:

Accursed, unhappy, wretched, hateful day!

Lord Capulet follows:

Despised, distressed, hated, martyr'd, kill'd!

Finally, the Prince echoes his earlier speech:

See, what a scourge is laid upon your hate,
That heaven finds means to kill your joys with love.

So, hate is the flip side of love.  It's an easy word with which to rhyme.  Montagues are hated.  The name "Montague" is hated.  Love is hated.  Death is hated.  Villains are hated.  Exile is hated.  Peace is hated.  Arranged marriage is hated.

So, what have we learned?  Don't hate the play-er, hate the game...

In Book 2, Chapter 2 of 1984, instead of being jealous of other men that the girl has been with, Winston is pleased. Why?

The hide-out where Winston and Julia meet is full of imagery:

• color imagery: "light and shade," "pools of gold"


• natural imagery: "bluebells," "ring doves"


• spy imagery: "mike hidden," "patrols."

Orwell creates a Garden of Eden here: the place where there is no darkness.  It's alive and carnal.  Who's watching?  God?  Big Brother?  Were they followed?  Winston, 39, is acting like a teenager cutting school.  His paranoia is palpable.

Winston and Julia's conversation:

"Listen. The more men you've had, the more I love you. Do you understand that?"  'Well then, I ought to suit you, dear. I'm corrupt to the bones.'  'You like doing this? I don't mean simply me: I mean the thing in itself?'  'I adore it.'

Winston has been so sexually repressed for so long that he finds it wildly refreshing that Julia could feel such eroticism.  Why hadn't the Party drained her too of all sexual impulse?  Why hadn't she been programmed (or deprogrammed) by the Youth Sex League to abhor sex and channel all her physical desire for the Party?

Sex is rebellion, and Winston makes no jealous complaints: it turns him on.

How do I know if Steven Levitt's book "Freakonomics" is a fallacy? I hear so many conflicting and opposing arguments. How do I make up my mind?

I don't know that there's any way you can KNOW if his book makes valid arguments or not.  The main problem is that Levitt is a good economist at a good university.  So are some of his critics.  How are you, as an undergraduate, supposed to know more than they do.  (When people who know more than you disagree, it's hard to know who's right.)

Another reason you can't KNOW for sure if he's right is the fact that it's not always easy to know who's right in economics.  You can't run controlled experiments to test hypotheses.

So what CAN you do?  Assuming you're being asked to address this question in a paper/assignment, you have to look at the arguments for each side and, as best you can, tell why one argument seems more plausible to you.

I want the Critical Appriciation of the Poem " To the Indian Who Died in Africa " ...by ...T.S.Eliot. Explination in details

This poem deals with the idea enshrined in the Bhagwad Gita that it is sufficient to do one's action regardless of reward. Action in itself is significant whether we know its usefulness or not, it is possible we may know it only after death when God will deliver judgement on our actions, whether right or wrong.

Addressing the dead Indian, the poet says a man's destination is his own country, village, home, family. He is sisitting at his door in the evening & watching his grsndson playing with his friend in the dust. In other words, his destination lies in enjoying the charms of life connected with his own homeland.

If his destiny leads him away from his homeland then its memories continue to haunt him & crop up when he sits in convesation with foreigners, alien to each other. All these foreigners, haunted by memories of homeland, forge strange kinship.

Wherever man's destiny may lead him, the adopted land cannot be his destination, i.e. where he yearns to be. The land where a man dies bravely, struggling with his destiny, is his homeland. This fact needs to be remembered by his village, his family.

The poet, in emphatic terms, tells the dead Indian that Africa was neither his homeland nor was it theirs(Whitemen's--The colonisers who went to Africa for a "cause"). He died & was buried in the same graveyard as others'. Those who return home should carry with them the story of his "action" which was useful, even though its usefulness was not known, and its reward would be known only on the "Judgement Day".

What are 3 key ideas of the meeting of the Estates General?

The question is a touch vague, but I hope this will come close to what you need.  I'm assuming that you're really talking about the meeting of what was called the National Assembly.  The Estates General were supposed to meet but they never met as such because of the problems between the 3 estates.  Anyway, once they met:

1.  Voting in the Assembly would be by individual representative, not by each estate having one vote.  This gave more power to the third estate.

2.  The first and second estates gave up (8/4/79) their feudal rights -- their power over the lands they had controlled.

3.  The Assembly wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.  This was essentially a new constitution along more democratic lines.  It also included protections for various rights of the people.

Compare and contrast Collins' proposal with Darcy's two proposals.

The main theme of Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice" is marriage.

1. Collins's proposal: Collins proposes to Elizabeth  on Wednesday  November 27th  at  her own house (Ch.19). Darcy first proposes to Elizabeth at the parsonage at Hunsford during the Easter season when she was visiting her friend Charlotte who is now married to Mr.Collins (Ch.34).

Collins is a cousin of Mr.Bennet who will inherit Mr.Bennet's estate after his death. This is why he is so arrogant and  confident that Elizabeth will not reject his proposal.  Darcy is also a very proud man because of his immense wealth and his large estate and he is also confident that Elizabeth will not reject his proposal. Both of them take Elizabeth for granted and impress upon her that they are actually doing her a great favour by marrying her  and try to  exploit her financial distress to their advantage. They do not care to find out leave alone respect  her  feelings with regard to marrying them.

Both of them are completely unromantic men. Their  arrogance prevents them from praising her beauty or her intelligence or flattering her before seeking her consent.

In Collins' case Elizabeth was aware that Collins had decided to marry her as early as Ch.17:

"It now first struck her that she was selected from among her sisters as worthy of being the mistress of Hunsford  Parsonage."

but she never had any inkling that Darcy was interested in her and his first proposal in Ch.34 takes her completely by surprise.

Collins gives three general reasons why he wants to marry without specifying why he wants to  marry Elizabeth in particular. Darcy, however, blurts out his love and admiration for Elizabeth in particular.

2. Darcy's first proposal: Darcy first proposes to Elizabeth in Ch.34. She is alone in Collins' house as Charlotte  and Collins have gone over to Lady Catherine's house for tea. Elizabeth is suffering from a head ache which was a consequence of her being upset and crying after she had learnt from Col. Fitzwilliam Darcy that Darcy was responsible for separating  Bingley from Jane:

"he [Darcy] congratulated himself of having lately saved a friend [Bingley] from the inconveniences of a most imprudent marriage." (Ch.33)

Just then Darcy arrives  and Elizabeth is indifferent to his preliminary queries about her health. Then all of a sudden he blurts out his marriage proposal to her saying  "you must allow me to tell you how ardently I admire and love you." Elizabeth is "astonished," and for a few moments speechless, and then composes herself and rejects him.

Darcy is in turn is shocked and surprised and "his complexion became pale with anger and the disturbance of his mind was visible in every feature," and after he had composed himself with great difficulty he asks why she has rejected him. Elizabeth gives three reasons why she rejects him  and concludes that Darcy would be "the last man in the world whom [she] could ever be prevailed  on to marry."

3. Darcy's second proposal: Darcy's second proposal takes place at Longbourn in Ch. 58. He proposes to her when both of them go out for a walk. This time, the scene begins on a very happy note as Bingley and Elizabeth have already been united in Ch.55 and more significantly, Elizabeth thanks Darcy for all that he has done to make Wickham marry Lydia and thus saving the Bennet family honour. Darcy replies that he did this only for her sake:

"I thought only of you."

Elizabeth is "embarrassed" and Darcy asks whether her feelings towards him have undergone any change since he first proposed and was rejected by her. Elizabeth admits "that her sentiments had undergone so material a change," and at once Darcy proposes to her "as sensibly and as warmly as a man violently in love can be supposed to do" and is accepted by her.

On the first occasion Darcy is still proud and haughty and he is certain that Elizabeth will accept him, because after all he is wealthy and rich:"he had no doubt of a favorable answer." He is complacent and takes Elizabeth for granted. To make matters worse, he confesses to her that he has fallen in love with her much against his own wishes: "in vain have I struggled." Elizabeth of course is strongly prejudiced against him and hates him and rationalizes her prejudices and dislike for him by giving him three reasons for her rejection. This in turn leads him to reply to her accusations in his long letter in Ch.35. On reading this letter and after patiently analyzing its contents Elizabeth remarks:

"Till this moment I never knew myself."

From then onwards both the characters undergo a complete change. However it looks as though Lydia's elopement might permanently separate them.  Ironically, Elizabeth imagines that Lydia's elopement will mark the end of Darcy's love for her not realizing that it is this same unsavory incident which will actually unite them:

"and never had she so honestly felt that she could have loved him, as now,when all love must be in vain." Ch.56.

The language of both the characters in Ch.34 when Elizabeth rejects Darcy is harsh, aggressive and hostile: "so immoveable a dislike,"  "and pale with anger." On the contrary the language in Ch.58 is gentle, polite and affectionate: "the expression of heart-felt delight diffused over his face."  This is because in Ch.34 Elizabeth was "astonished" at his temerity in proposing to her whereas in Ch. 58 she is "embarrassed" at his excessive love and affection for her.

Discuss/evaluate how effectivley the paradox in the beginning of the novel is employed, and explain why you think as you do."A Tale of Two Cities"...

It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us , we had nothing before us, we were all going direct to Heaven, we were all  going direct the other way....

With this paradoxical opening, Dickens arranges for the equally paradoxical characters and events that he creates in his narrative, "A Tale of Two Cities."  For instance, Jerry Cruncher is an "honest tradesman" by day, yet at night he robs graves and returns home to his religious wife who "flops" in prayer for Jerry's sins.  Meek and kind Charles Darnay is the son of a man who, with his twin brother, committed unspeakable crimes; the sinister Madame deFarge, who knits names into her death shawl, was once a young, innocent and happy woman. Sydney Carton, the dissipated lawyer who is the jackal for the brash Stryver, was once a brillant star that had romantic ideals.

Similarly, events become paradoxical. In the trial of Darnay in an early chapter, the witness against Darnay becomes a dual spy in England and in France.  That the prisoner, "One Hundred and Five, North Tower,"  should become a hero in France is, indeed, apparently contradictory.  That the shifless Carton should become a hero who saves the husband of the woman he loves is also an apparent contradiction.

In addition to the paradoxical nature of the opening lines comes also the parallelism of this passage, a parallelism mirrored in the pairs of characters who balance each other.  For instance, Mr. Lorry, the orderly, old bachelor and "man of business" is patient and understanding of the pitiable Dr. Manette who is beleagued with tormenting ghosts of his past spent in the Bastille. Likewise, Sydney Carton and Charles Darnay are paired; they resemble each other physically and Darnay seems to Carton what Sidney has lost of himself.  (Paradoxically, at the end of the novel, the balance of this duality tips to the self-sacrificing Carton.) 

To accompany the parallelism and paradox of the opening lines comes the motif of redemption: Jerry Cruncher expiates his sins of stealing the dead when he identifies John Barsard/Roger Cly; paradoxically Sydney Carton redeems himself in death, and in climbing to his death, he expresses himself with paradox and parallelism just as Dickens does in the opening lines:

It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to, than I have ever known.

How does Nora in Ibsen's play A Doll's House epitomize the id in Freudian theory?

Based upon Freud's definition, the "id" is that which is most concerned with the present moment: what feels good and what makes us happy at the moment.  It is not based upon a clear perception of the world around us, but is much more child-like.

With this in mind, Nora is a character that does whatever it takes to survive in Torvald's world at the moment.  She is like a doll.  She is playing house. She dresses up to please him.  She lets him treat her like a child that has no idea about the "real" world, and in fact, she does not.  How could she, Torvald would wonder, as he sees her as a mere woman with no capacity to understand the complexities of a "man's" world.

Even when Nora borrows the money to save Torvald's life, she does not realistically ask herself what additional "cost" there may be in dealing with the unscrupulous Krogstadt.  Later, as Krogstadt points out to her the crime she has committed under the law, she admits that she has no concern for that reality: all she cared about was saving Torvald's life, and if the law finds fault with how she did it, the law must be wrong.

The child-like impulsive nature of Nora's behavior is seen, too, with how she acts with Dr. Rank.  She flirts with him, but thinks nothing of it because although she is a grown woman, she is locked in that unrealistic "id" place, where she simply, naively plays the little girl, seeing nothing wrong in showing him, for instance, the stockings she will wear to the party.  This would have been terribly inappropriate for a woman at that time in history, but she teases it away, with no realization that Dr. Rank is a grown man and she a woman, married at that, and that this might be seen as a seductive move on her part.  These kinds of behaviors are what Dr. Rank admits so confuse him about her true intent towards him.  In truth, she has no intent at all: she is totally unaware that she is acting inappropriately.

Mrs. Linde is the voice of reason in the story, showing Nora the hard realities of life, using her own terrible experiences to show Nora how out of touch with the world she is.  She tries to explain to Nora that she is very lucky not to have to deal with the harsh world confronting a woman on her own.  Nora brushes this aside, with no concept of what Mrs. Linde is talking about.

However, when Nora finally realizes the grave nature of her relationship with her husband, that he cares more for his reputation and nothing for her sacrifice to save his life, reality comes crashing in and she awakens, as if from a dream.  Here the ego asserts itself.  However, she is not completely "healed."  As Nora decides to leave Torvald, even with the knowledge Mrs. Linde has shared as to how difficult it is to live alone as a woman in that era, the "id" is still alive and well.  Nora goes without a realistic idea of how she will survive on her own.  What she does know is that she can no longer live like a "doll" under Torvald's roof.

In Their Eyes Were Watching God, what does Janie learn from each man in her life?Many readers consider the novel a coming-of-age novel, as Janie...

In Their Eyes Were Watching God, the protagonist Janie has three husbands who are all very different from one another.  Janie is not at all attracted to her first husband Logan Killicks; she is forced to marry Logan by her grandmother who thinks that Logan will provide a good life for Janie.  Janie goes off with him, but she is bored by Logan's ways and feels confined by his rules.  As a result, she leaves him and runs off with Joe Starks because he is exciting, and Janie feels like she will have an adventure with him.  She soon realizes, however, that Joe is incredibly controlling and he begins to treat her like she is his property.  Joe becomes harsh and abusive and kills Janie's spirit through the role that he expects her to play in life.  Janie does not have to leave him because he dies later on in their marriage.  Janie then meets Tea Cake and is happy with him because he treats her like an equal.  Tea Cake is not afraid to openly express his love for Janie.  He, however, is bitten by a rabid dog and himself goes mad, causing Janie to kill him in self-defense. 

From each man, Janie learns new things about herself and her identity.  In the beginning with Logan, she learns that she needs adventure in her life to cultivate her young spirit.  Thinking that she will get this with Joe, Janie has a hard time accepting that Joe wants other things in life and Janie tries to negotiate Joe's wants with her own desires.  Her spirit is rekindled with Tea Cake and after his death Janie is comfortable continuing on her own.

What specific gifts does the speaker promise to give to his beloved? Do you think that these promises are realistic? Explain your reasoning.

Christopher Marlowe's (1564-1593)  pastoral love lyric "The Passionate Shepherd to his Love" is believed to have been written in 1588 when he was a student at Cambridge. It was published posthumously in 1599.

The poem is the  appeal of a young shepherd to his beloved lady love "to come and live with him." It is not a marriage proposal but only a 'live-in' arrangement.

The tone of the poem is both idealistic and idyllic. The shepherd lists out only the pleasures and not the drawbacks or dangers of a pastoral life to tempt her into accepting his offer, hence the promises which he makes are only meant to flatter and seduce her and are certainly not realistic.

In the third stanza he promises her that he will make her a bed of fragrant flowers like posies and roses. He says he will make her a cap of flowers and that her skirt will be embroidered with myrtle leaves.

In the fifth and sixth stanzas he promises to make her a woolen gown and fur lined slippers with golden buckles and a belt made of straw and ivy buds with coral clasps and amber studs.

In the seventh stanza he concludes his long list of pastoral attractions  by promising her that every "May-morning" (every day in the month of May) country youths shall dance and sing  and entertain her if she agrees to "live with him and be his love."

'Swain' is a poetic word for 'country or village youth.'