Trace the images of sight and sound and of light and dark and their different effects and meanings in the poem.

Arnold's poem, Dover Beach begins with a naturalistic description of the nightly Dover sea-scape, with a series of images of sight and sound, of light and darkness: the calm sea full to the brim; the moon on the straits as personified in 'lies fair'; the light on the French coast, gleaming, and then gone; the Dover cliffs standing 'glimmering and vast'. The fullness of the tide & the calmness of the sea suggest a contrast to the moral-spiritual vacuum as much as to the state of unrest in Arnold's contemporary Victorian England that the elegy aims to lament. If the gleaming light on the French coast is a sign of hope, its fast disappearance suggests the gloom of hopelessness. The vast & glimmering cliffs of Dover furthers the suggestion of dimness.

The visual image of 'the long line of spray', of the sea-water lapping on to the shore--'the moon-blanched land' again highlights the mingling of light & darkness. This is followed by the aural image of 'the grating roar of pebbles'--a harsh noise born of the friction of pebbles, developing with its 'tremulous cadence slow' into 'an eternal note of sadness'. The audio-visuality of the image leads to the theme of universal sadness. The lyrical self projects his own feelings of melancholy on to the sights and sounds of the sea-scape.

In stanza 3, Arnold offers the image of the symbolic-allegorical sea--the 'Sea of Faith' which, unlike the Dover sea, retreats from the shores of human life. There was a time--presumably the Middle Ages--when religion was not overshadowed with doubt, and the the 'Sea of Faith' was a protective girdle--'Lay like the folds of a bright girdle furled'. But now the poet hears the long melancholy noise of the withdrawing 'Sea of Faith', the sound of the retreat of faith colaterally producing a vision of the dark, dreary, naked reality of the human world.

The final stanza presents the conflicting images of sights & sounds, of light & darkness: the illusory look of a beautiful world lying before us as 'a land of dreams' when in reality the world has turned into 'a darkling plain' where only 'ignorant armies clash by night'. The bright & beautiful world is but an appearance. It's a veritable battle-ground swept with sounds of hostility and blind aggression.

Please give a summary of the story 'By Any Other Name' by Santha Rama Rau.specific summary will be nice

Santa Rama Rau's short story "By Any Other Name" refutes Juliet's contention that something retains its essence no matter what its name. In this colonial story of English imperialism, the teacher at the Anglo-Indian day school in Zorinabad gives the two sisters, Premila and Santha, the Anglo names of Pamela and Cynthia because the teacher says that their real names are "too difficult to pronounce"; nonetheless, despite this change to their names, the English children segregate themselves from the Indians, adding to the girls' discomfiture.

Besides this feeling, the narrator declares,

I remember having a certain detached and disbelieving concern in the actions of “Cynthia,” but certainly no responsibility. 

Thus, she does not concur with Shakespeare's Juliet. Instead, she is detached from her Anglicized identity. So, she feels nothing but estrangement from the other children as she notices how the building is brown rather than white, the children are made to play in the heat instead of napping, and at lunch time everyone has English food but she and her sister. When they do play, the customary manner of Indian children is to politely allow some to win, but the English children repudiate this behavior in their extreme competitiveness. 

Later, when they return home, 

I was so pleased to...have left that peculiar Cynthia behind that I had nothing whatever to say... except to ask what “apple” meant. But Premila told Mother about the classes, and added that in her class they had weekly tests to see if they had learned their lessons well.

This mention of tests presages what occurs next: The next week Santha sits in class in her usual languid manner; however, when the door to the test room opens, the teacher wishes to confirm that she is Pamela's sister. Premila does not look at this woman; instead, in a rigid pose she tells Santha,  “Get up.... We’re going home," adding that Santha should gather her pencils and paper. Then, as they go out the door, the teacher attempts to say something, but they do not bother to listen. 

On their long trek homeward, Santha tries to learn what has occurred, but her sister is taciturn. As the heat of the day is upon them, Premila tells her little sister to put her notebook on her head to protect it from the sun. Few pass them on their difficult return home; when they finally arrive, the ayah, who carries a tray of lunch for their mother, is somewhat alarmed and asks them what has happened.

Then, when her mother questions her,

Premila said, “We had our test today, and she made me and the other Indians sit at the back of the room, with a desk between each one.” Mother said, “Why was that, darling?” “She said it was because Indians cheat.” Premila added. "So I don't think that we should go back to that school."

After a pronounced pause, their Mother agrees with Premila. Then, in a concerned voice, she asks Premila if she thinks Santha comprehended the implications of this incident, but Premila says, "No." However, Santha as narrator interjects that she understood perfectly, adding,

But I put it happily away, because it had all happened to a girl called Cynthia, and I never was really particularly interested in her. 

In To Kill A Mockingbird, by Harper Lee, how does Atticus show moral courage?What are some examples in which Atticus shows moral courage?

The quintessential fictional Southern liberal lawyer in Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch's high morals are a standard by which any man would be proud to attain. Atticus shows great moral courage when he decides to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a white woman. Atticus realizes that taking the case will open up his family to verbal and possibly physical abuse from the townspeople of Maycomb. He also knows the outcome of the trial before it begins: Tom cannot win against the word of a white man in 1930s Alabama. Atticus has nothing to gain and virtually everything to lose--future clients, family safety, political clout and loss of friends. However, one thing he will not lose is his own self-confidence or his perspective of what is right and wrong.

Additionally, Atticus risks his own personal safety when he goes to the jail alone after hearing that a lynch mob plans to take him away, and he stands up to Bob Ewell's insults after the trial.

Describe the setting of the Most Dangerous Game.How does the setting affect the main conflict, and the ending?

"The Most Dangerous Game" is set on an island somewhere in the Caribbean Sea called Ship-Trap Island, an island that has gained notoriety in sailor lore for some ominous reason, as discussed by Rainsford and Whitney in the beginning of the story. We later learn that the island is the home of General Zaroff, a Russian immigrant and avid hunter, who lures boats to the dense jungle island and hunts them for sport. The setting is necessary to the conflict because Rainsford is trapped on the island, and eventually is left with no choice but to hunt with Zaroff. Rainsford uses this setting to his advantage in the hunt, and uses the sheer cliffs surrounding the island to fake his death at the end of the story.

Who does Elie blame for his father's death?

In Elie Wiesel's account of his life in the concentration camp in the book "Night," he tells how his father and he were together in the concentration camp.  The German soldiers had to move them from one camp to another.  They made them walk a long way through snow.  Many people had died along the way.   Elie's father became weak and fell in to the snow shortly after they reached their destination.  Elie left him outside and went in the barracks.  Later he sees his father as he is walking from the showers.  He leads him inside.  His father is sick with dysentery.  He has a high fever and is rambling.  Elie lays him in a bunk.  A doctor is around but his job is not to treat the men but to determine when to take them to be disposed of.  A Pole and a French man repeatedly hit Elie's father because he soils the bed and moans.

When Eli's father moans for some water an SS officer goes by and hits him breaking his skull and causing his head to bleed.  Eli waits till the soldier leaves then looks at his father. Elie goes back to his bunk and sleeps.  The next day his father has gone.  He believes they took him to the crematorium during the night.

Elie never directly blames any one person for his father's death.  It is later in life when he becomes a speaker and has written his book that he blames the atrocities of the Nazi's that he blames them for his father's death.  He also carries self-guilt for many years because he did not do more for his father. He is like so many survivors of the camps and the Holocaust.  He carries survivor’s guilt.

In Death of a Salesmen by Arthur Miller, what does Ben represent?

Ben Loman is Willy's older brother who apparently had success where Willy failed. How much of what we know about Ben is from Willy's mind, so it's veracity is questionable.

According to Willy, Ben was an explorer and adventurer who found diamonds in Africa and timberland in Alaska. Ben never appears in the reality of the play, but is revealed through Willy's thoughts. Ben is everything Willy wanted to be, and everything he wants his sons to be.

It is also through Ben that the reader learns about Willy's father-a successful inventor with a likeable charm. It's no wonder that, with these two as role models, that WIlly is unable to cope with the realities of his shortcomings as well as those of his sons.

Whether Willy's memories are accurate or exaggerated (which is more likely,) the reader understands more about why he is driven to suicide. The fulfilled dreams of his father and older brother stand in stark contrast to Willy's failures. Although Willy claims to respect and admire them, deep inside he knows that he will never be like them. Ben symbolizes the mirage that American Dream turns out to be: too good to be true, and too far away to ever reach.

What does Whit invite George to do "tomorrow" night?

Whit invites George and some of the other ranch hands to go into town to the cathouse, or brothel.  George says it's better to go to the cathouse and have his fill all at once rather than be tempted by fornication in the meantime.  But, at the same time, it shows how lonely the men are.

Those left behind are the weakest ones: Lennie, Candy, and Crooks.  It is one of the few times that George leaves Lennie alone.  During this time, Lennie goes into the barn to talk to Crooks.

How does the setting in "A Cask of Amontillado" build suspense?

The setting of ‘‘The Cask of Amontillado’’ builds suspense in many ways. One is that both the location and the time of the story are only hinted at. It seems to take place in Venice during Carnival, yet the year is unclear, as is the nationality of everyone. To bring touches of the exotic to his murky atmosphere, Poe freely combines elements of different nations and cultures. Fortunato and Luchesi are Italians, knowledgeable about Italian wines. Montresor may be a Frenchman. Amontillado is a Spanish wine. Montresor's family motto is in Latin, Nemo me impune lacessit, and is the motto of the royal arms of Scotland. There are also references to Montresor's palazzo, his roquelaire, his rapier, and his flambeaux. This mix of images and phrases suggests a "placelessness" to the story.

The specific location of the catacombs truly adds suspense in the story. The niter growing upon the walls, the water dripping, the stacks of human bones...all this contributes to a mood of eeriness and builds the tension to the point of breaking. When the climax actually comes, one can almost feel the chains around their wrists, hear the clinking and the slap of the mortar, & see the flicker of the candle on the walls. Overall, the intense imagery of the surroundings adds to the suspense of the story.

Does color affect temperature?The darker the color, the more heat will be retained?

The colour of an object affects the rate at which radiated heat is absorbed and released from the object. This in turn affects the rate at which temperature of an object increases or falls under similar conditions.

Objects that are dark absorb more of heat and light radiations, and reflect back less of it. Such object also loose heat through radiation faster when their temperature is more than their surroundings. In contrast, light coloured objectives do not absorb or or loose heat fast. Therefore,temperature of dark coloured objects rises faster, as compared to light coloured objects, when subjected to  heat and light radiations. Also, temperature of dark coloured objects, when placed in an environment with lower temperature, falls faster than that of light colour objects in same condition. Black colour is best for absorbing and releasing heat radiation, and therefore heats up and cools down fastest. White colour is the slowest in absorbing and releasing heat radiations, and therefore takes comparatively longer to heat up and cool down.

In what ways does Piggy prove himself superior to Ralph in Lord of the Flies by William Golding?

More adult in appearance, Piggy represents the more rational aspect of humans in William Golding's allegory, Lord of the Flies. In fact, at one point, Ralph even reflects that "Piggy could think" and rues that he is not as capable as his friend at doing so.  One example of Piggy's clear thinking is after Jack and the hunters steal the fire.  Most disconcerted at the loss of the one thing which can reconnect them to civilization, Ralph becomes anxious that they are not able to climb the mountain to reclaim the signal fire.  But, in Chapter 8 Piggy suggests that Ralph and he and the others with them rebuild the fire on the beach:

The boys began to babble. Only Piggy could have the intellectual daring to suggest moving the fire from the mountain.

Allegorically, however, Piggy's glasses respresent his ability to reason.  So, after these glasses are stolen by Jack, Piggy loses some of his clear-sightedness and becomes emotionally myopic as well as physically.  For instance, he denies the facts about Simon's death.

Do you think Elizabeth Proctor would confess if she were in her husband's place in The Crucible?

I've always felt conflicted about this.  I want to say, "No," based on her last speech, "He have his goodness now." Although she was anguished about him dying, she supported his decision.  As a Puritan, she knew what a sin lying was.  Her confession would have been a lie.

On the other hand, she was so obviously devoted to her husband and children, maybe she would have lied.  She was a good Puritan woman and above reproach, but I think her family would have been her weakness.  Part of me thinks she would have damned herself to take care of her family.  In her heart, she knew her innocence and the foolishness of the men around her.  She was meek and humble except when her family was in danger.  Then she wasn't afraid to defy the courts to protect her unborn child or John's life and reputation.

Such a hard question...

Regardless, I think she would grapple even more than John.  She was godly and would have worried about her soul; however, she would have also worried about her family.

From the beginning until Act 3, is there any possibility to think that Macbeth intends to turn away from his bloody course? Why and why not?

There are a couple of times, before Act 3, that Macbeth thinks better of the murder of King Duncan which he will carry out in Act 2, scene 2. First, after seeing the witches, hearing their prophecies, and being swayed by them, he pulls back for a moment and says to himself (Act 1, scene 4):

MACBETH:

If chance will have me king, why, chance

may crown me

Without my stir.

By this he means that he might become king without doing anything. Just relax.

Then in Act 1, scene 7, in his "If it were done when ’tis done, then ’twere well It were done quickly" soliloquy, Macbeth enumerates for all the reasons that he should not proceed in the killing. Then his wife interrupts him and he tells her:

MACBETH:

We will proceed no further in this business:

He hath honor'd me of late, and I have bought

Golden opinions from all sorts of people,

Which would be worn now in their newest gloss,

Not cast aside so soon.

But she rejects what he is saying, chastises, demeans and excoriates him, and eventually Macbeth is left with this sheepish question: "If we should fail?"

She tells him to leave the rest to her, and they will not fail. He is then completely won over, and the rest is murder and more murder:

I am settled, and bend up

Each corporal agent to this terrible feat.

Away, and mock the time with fairest show:

False face must hide what the false heart doth know.

To give you a sense of how far into killing he has gotten, there is this from Act 3, scene 4:

For mine own good

All causes shall give way. I am in blood

Stepp'd in so far that, should I wade no more,

Returning were as tedious as go o'er.

Strange things I have in head that will to hand,

Which must be acted ere they may be scann'd.

Any hesitation is long past.

What are some examples of the rhetorical devices Shakespeare uses in the "To Be Or Not To Be" soliloquy?Rhetorical Devices such as adage,...

Caesura--notice the unique breaks in these two lines from the soliloquy through the use of colons and semicolons:

"To be, or not to be: that is the question:" and "To die: to sleep;
No more;"

Antithesis--use of parallel structure to show contrasting ideas.  Notice the contrast of suffering for something good with fighting to end troubles in the lines below. Passivity v. aggression.

Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer
The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
And by opposing end them? 

Anaphora: Notice how all of the following lines begin with "the" and then a form of possession ('s or "of").

The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely,
The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,
The insolence of office and the spurns
That patient merit of the unworthy takes,

Pathos: Look for the many examples of this appeal in the soliloquy such as Hamlet's use of words such as "pangs" "heart-ache" or any other phrases which appeal to human emotions.

Logos: While Hamlet does not rely heavily on logos for this
speech's effect, he does reference some inarguable truths about human nature.  See if you can find at least one example.

These are certainly not the only rhetorical strategies that Shakespeare includes in this speech, but they're a start.

State the view to manager and labours for each school of thought in management.

Management is a very big and varied field and it is difficult to identify all management thoughts in a comprehensive yet meaningful way. Different authors have made attempts to identify and classify different management thoughts. For my answer here, I have used the classification adopted by Koontz and Weihrich. They have identified the following five major school of management thoughts that have emerged in sequence.

1. Scientific Management


2. Modern Operational Management Theory


3. Behavior Sciences


4. Systems Theory


5. Modern Management Thought.

Thee developments in management thoughts have contributed to ever improving business performance, benefiting both managers and the labour force. However, there is always the contentious issue of division of benefits of such improvement has never been resolved completely. As a result, labour and management sometimes differ on evaluation of these approaches.

The views of management and labour on each of the identified school of management thought is discussed below.

Scientific management represent the earliest attempts to apply method of systematic investigation and analysis to improve productivity in industrial established. When this school of management thought emerged around beginning of twentieth century, improving the contribution of individual workmen was a major focus area. Scientific management, the way it was envisaged by its pioneers like Taylor and Gilbreth, was based on sharing of the benefits of improvement between owners and labour. However frequently, managers and owners tried to use the techniques of scientific management to extract more output from workmen without improving their lot. For this reason, it was resented by labour.

Modern operational management theory, attributed primarily to ideas of Henry Fayol focused more on human aspects and team work. It also emphasized the need for training and developing managers. However this school of thought was more in the form of general principles rather than specific techniques and method. Therefore it impacted thinking and approach of some progressive managers, but failed to attract any attention from them - either positive or negative.

Behavior sciences school which really started to gain momentum from 1930's onward, concentrated substantial on the human aspects of management. It concentrated finding ways of simultaneously meeting best interests of employers and employees. But these concepts are rather complex to understand and require basic change in attitudes of people. Therefore some managers considered these approaches to be too idealistic while labour doubted sincerity of management in promoting these concepts.

Systems theory was an attempt to integrate all the factors impacting business performance, beyond the earlier concern with just the working methods and people, to include other aspects such as environment, and technology. The systems theory was more an approach adopted by management consultants rather than practicing managers. This approach did not draw much attention from labour.

Modern management thought is really a mix of many different ideas and practices. In general all these ideas are based on better development and utilization of human potential. It has also promoted wider participation of all levels of employees in management In this way it is truly in the interest of managers as well as labour.

Source:

Koontz H. and Weihrich H. (2004), Essentials of Management, Sixth Edition, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi

In "The Giver" where did the idea of "Sameness" come from, and why were there no differences in people other than gender and assigned jobs?

The people of the community were trying to eliminate sources of unhappiness. They believed that if no one had any more or less than another, had the same amount of love for every person, then everyone would be equal and therefore equally happy. They didn't see the need for the advances that come from competition between people of varying abilities and with different interests; as far as they were concerned, things were perfect the way they were, and there was no need for any change.

I needed the name, publisher and publishing year for referencing purposes for a pure woman (social concerns). Please if anyone could help me asap!

This was a difficult book to track down, but here is all the information that you need. Also I do not know if many libraries have this book. Sounds interesting.

Author: Hardy Thomas. Title: Tess of the D’Ubervilles : a pure woman faithfully presented / by Thomas Hardy ... illustrated. Published: New York and London : Harper & brothers, [c1893] Description: xii, 457 p. : front., plates ; 20 cm.     Local notes: BEIN Ip H223 891tf: Bookplates of Healy and Taylor. Front fly-leaf signed: Augustine Healy, December, 1915

Why is To The Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolf, considered a classic?

The novel 'To The Lighthouse' by Virginia Woolf is considered a classic because not only was it ground-breaking and arresting when it was published, it has also stood the test of time and remains a beacon of it's kind- one that illuminates literature,and feminist literature,today.

It is quite something for any novelist,such as James Joyce, to throw deeply-held traditions and rules of writing out of the window, but he was a man. He pulled it off because of his education, genius,status and contacts, but for a woman to do this innovative work at a time of limited opportunities for women was even more remarkable.

Some of Woolf's brave innovations were a fairly new style of narrative called 'stream-of-consciousness' also experimented with by James Joyce. She also tackled thorny and controversial subjects such as the consideration of whether marriage was in fact the best role for every woman. Woolf was not afraid of broaching philosophy and social comment in her works, as some women had been before her.

What significant impressions lead Eveline to remain behind?"Eveline" by James Joyce

"Eveline" in Dubliners, a collection of stories in which James Joyce portrays the tragic Irish in what have been called "truths of human experience" as Joyce discerned the Irish in a defeated, colonial city.  The fragmentary sketches of characters reflect the social climate of Dublin, a city occupied by the British.  In his introduction to Joyce's Dubliners, Terence Brown writes,

Those truths provoked anger, an almost vindictive rejection of the Ireland that would or could not transcend them, the satiric shudder of recoil from the terrible and cruel squalor of so much that takes place in these tales (marital abuse, violence against a child, sexual exploitation and entrapment, casual political corruption, religious hypocrisy).

As one of these stories, "Eveline gives a sketchy portrait of a young woman who is indecisive and subservient.  She dreams of receiving respect from people in a new home in a distant country: "She would not be treated as her mother had been." Yet, as she comtemplates her new life, "now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life."

Somewhat circumspect is the young man who wishes to take her to Buenos Ayres where he has a home.  With this man taking her to such a faraway place, the suggestion of Joyce is that the girl's leaving would be more exile than voyage with the man that she must meet secretly.  That Eveline lacks conviction on her departure is partly because her father has "found out about the affair and forbidden her to have anything to say to him." So, she has to meet him secretly.

One evening Eveline, realizing that "her time was running out," sits by the window, leaning her head against the window curatin where there is a odour of dusty cretonne., which suggests the death of her dream.  This smell of funeral homes reminds him of Eveline's mother and her promise to her to keep the home together:

A bell clanged upon her heart.

In an epiphany, Eveline realizes that she canot

As she mused the pitiful vision of her mother's life laid its spell on the very quick of her being--that life of commonplace sacrifices closing in final craziness.

Unconvinced, Eveline repeats in her mind, "Frank would save her."  But, she remembers her brother, who will be left alone with the father, to fend for himself.  Still, Eveline reminds herself, "Could she still draw back after all he had done for her? 

A bell clanged upon her heart.  She felt him seize her hand.

All the seas of the world tumbeld about her heart.  He was drawing her into them.  She gripped with both hands at the iron railing.

Having arrived at the station on the appointed day, Eveline is surrounds by brown baggage, a color reflective of her life.  The "black mass of the boat" are caught by the eye of Eveline as she prays to God to direct her.  But as Frank calls to her Eveline experiences an epiphany, the moment in which she realizes that she cannot abandon the promise to her mother, nor can she expose her brother to the sexual abuse that she has suffered.  She must stay to protect her brother.

Is Montag happy in the first part of Fahrenheit 451?

Montag is happy when the book begins, but he is not at ease; because of his internal confusion over the purpose of burning books, he only takes superficial joy in his job.

He walked toward the comer, thinking little at all about nothing in particular. Before he reached the corner, however, he slowed as if a wind had sprung up from nowhere, as if someone hadcalled his name.
(Bradbury, Fahrenheit 451, Google Books)

Montag clearly takes great pride and joy in his job, but every word is tinged with doubt; his "fierce smile" remains on his face after burning the books, but this is not necessarily from his own internal joy, instead being an instinctive reaction bred into him by society. It is clear, as he loses his elation just by walking away, that he is not fully happy, even though he does not yet understand his dissatisfaction with society.

How would you analyse Tom in "Contents of the Dead Man's Pocket"?

Tom Benecke is a young married man who lives in New York City and works hard to advance his business career. Details in the story suggest that Tom works in marketing; in the story he has spent four Sundays of his free time researching the display of products in a supermarket in order to design a more effective method. Tom hopes his initiative will impress his boss and that his efforts will be rewarded.

Tom's efforts show that he is ambitious and hard working. He is also self-disciplined and focused; he stays home from the movies to work on his project, sending his wife Clare to the movies without him. Tom loves Clare and really wanted to go, but he is willing to make sacrifices in order to succeed in his career.

Once Tom finds himself trapped on the ledge, other aspects of his character emerge. He is a logical thinker and tries to deal with his problem by reasoning his way to a solution. He tries one method after another, first to attract someone's attention to his dangerous situation and then to figure out how to break the window to get back inside his apartment. He fights his own fear in order to save his own life.

When Tom finally crashes through the window and is safely inside once again, he has experienced a profound change. He has realized how empty his life has become by focusing so completely on his job and financial success. His values have changed. He leaves his work behind and goes to meet Clare at the movies. When his life was endangered, Tom realized what was most important to him.

The conclusion of the story is very ironic. Retrieving the scrap of paper with his research notes was the cause of Tom's climbing out onto the ledge, risking his life. When the story ends, the same piece of paper flys out the window again, but Tom no longer cares about it very much at all.

What is a major theme of The Crucible, and how would audience members or readers recognize this theme in the play?

1.  While The Crucible, like most literary works, possesses several themes, you could make a strong argument that Miller's main subject in this masterpiece is power.  All the other themes in the play can be traced back to power, and the various conflicts present within the play arise because of characters' relationship with power/authority.  For example, the young Puritans girls (as history and Miller show) possessed no power.  They received no formal education, had no choice in their future, and gained very little positive attention from anyone.  Mary Warren, a servant to the Proctors, even has to obey John and Elizabeth as if they are her parents, and they have the authority to beat her (see Act 2). Many historians and Miller argue that the girls' false accusations and the resulting hysteria are a consequence of the girls' seeking attention and power. Similarly, landowners like the Putnams start to accuse other landowners of witchcraft so that they can gain their property and, thus, additional power. Finally, the judges--even after they know that the girls are lying--refuse to reverse their rulings because they do not want to hinder their authority.  This is why they see all questions to the court, such as Proctor, Nurse, and Corey's petition, as a threat to their power.

2.  In regards to readers interpreting or recognizing this theme, I think that it is most obvious in the judges' and Rev. Parris's conversations/actions and in the background notes that Miller provides before and throughout the play.

What pleasure did the prince provide for his courtiers?

In Poe's The Masque of the Red Death, Prince Prospero provides a place of refuge for his friends of court. He invites them to his abbey for a masked ball. The guests wear lavish costumes and fully enjoy his hospitality. He provides orchestra music and entertainment for the evening as well as shelter from the red death that is plaguing the land. The rooms of his abbey have a fire lighting each room while the glass of the windows is stained in various colors. This allows for each room to be a different color, allowing for the progression of the story.

In "The Raven," by Edgar Allan Poe, is the raven really talking to the narrator or is the narrator just imagining the raven talking to him?

Like any bird that "talks" or "speaks," the raven is merely mimicking a word or sound that it has heard before. It does not carry on a conversation--"nevermore" is the only word it ever utters (at least that is what the narrator thinks he hears)--and it doesn't really seem to pay much attention to the narrator as it perches at a safe distance on the head of a bust. When the narrator discovers that the bird can only speak one word, he nonetheless continues to ask questions that can still be answered sensibly with the answer "nevermore." The narrator, who at the beginning of the poem is already devastated by the "loss of Lenore," is on the verge of losing his sanity at the end as he asks the bird to predict his future with the "lost Lenore."

"Thanatopsis" is Romantic poetry because it focused on the supernatural, is concerned with thoughts of dying, and arouses emotions. Explain.

An apt description of Romanticism is that of a "journey" from the corruption of society and the limits of rational thought toward the freedom of the spirit and imagination and the truth and integrity of nature.

"Thanatopsis," (a title which combines two Greek words, thanatos =death and opsis=seeing), is a lovely meditative poem replete with beautifully vivid images. The verses of this poem describe the journey of death, but not a death as the end of something; rather, it is as a continuum that allows the deceased to become one with Nature. For, after having "lost each human trace" and one's individuality to the world, the one who has died will

...mix forever with the elements,
To be a brother to the insensible rock....

Old Ocean's gray and melancholy waste--
Are but the solemn decorations all
Of the great tomb of man.

It is, then, to that sublime (that which inspires awe) level of communion with Nature that man who is interned in the earth, lying along with kings and patriarchs, will rise to mix with the elements, "surrendering up/[his] individual being," establishing a relationship with other human souls and with God, becoming what Emerson named the Over-Soul.

What measures can be taken by the employer to prevent negligent hiring? Explain in detail.no

Here is some advice on the subject:

4 Tips on How to Avoid Negligent Hiring Lawsuits

In these tough economic times companies may be thinking about saving time and money by cutting back on their employee screening programs. This would be a big mistake! If you hire a dangerous or unfit person without doing proper “due diligence” and harm occurs, you are opening yourself up to a negligent hiring lawsuit.

Here are several tips to help you avoid a negligent hiring lawsuit :

1. Create a Program

Create an employee screening program for your company. This program should document employee screening policies and procedures for each position in the organization.

2. Train to Ensure Hiring Managers Follow the Program

Train all hiring managers on the employee screening policies and procedures. Document this training.

3. Audit Employee Screening Program

Create an audit procedure to make sure the employee screening program is being followed throughout the organization. Document this procedure.

4. Ensure FCRA Compliance

If you are using a third party employee screening service make sure they are in compliance with the Fair Credit Reporting Act (FCRA).

How does the life of Mr. and Mrs. White change because they meddled with fate?

It ends saying they are sadder but wiser. Ignorance is bliss and that was the life of the Whites prior to the introduction of the Monkey's Paw. If they had never heard of the Monkey's Paw they simple would have finished out an existence where the harshest lesson would have been Mr. White staying away from risky moves in chess.

On a literal level it appears that they have lost the friendship of Sergeant Major Morris because they did not heed his advice plus Mr. White forced him to take money for the Monkey's Paw. Friends just don't do that.

They also are now without their one and only son. Whether it was coincidence or attributed to a capricious wish by Mr. White, the Whites will forever carry the burden of guilt for the possible connection to the gruesome death of Herbert.

He was their pride and joy and portrayed as the life and laughter of the home. They may have changed and become wiser at the end of the play, that is up for debate, but there is no question that they never will be as happy.

Who started the Vietnam War, when and why? I would like to know what were the reasons that it started. I also would like to know when and why it...

Although most wars have a definitive beginning, such is not true with the Vietnam war. American involvement began in 1950 when President Harry Truman okayed economic and military aid to France, who were fighting communist takeover attempts in their former Indochina colonies. The French loss at Dienbienphu, Vietnam in 1954 gave the communists control of the northern part of the country. Shortly afterward, President Dwight Eisenhower ordered military advisors and CIA operatives to set up a U.S. backed government in the south.

President John F. Kennedy sent a Green Berets force to further train the southern army in 1961, and by late 1963 there were more than 15,000 American "advisors" in Vietnam. Following Kennedy's assassination, President Lyndon B. Johnson added the first formal troops when he sent in a large Marine detachment. Johnson later ordered bombing in the north by American aircraft, and soon the undeclared war escalated even further. 

How does the illiteracy of African-Americans in To Kill a Mockingbird contribute to the novel's themes?

Lee addresses the issue of education, and more specifically, literacy, in several parts of the novel.  In regards to race, Lee includes the incident in Chapter 12 when Calpurnia brings the children to church, and Scout and Jem are fascinated by the manner in which the church members sing their songs (not by words in a hymnbook).  When they ask Cal about this, she explains to the children that most of the church members do not know how to read; so they have to repeat what is modeled for them in order to sing. Cal tells Jem and Scout that she taught her own son to read by borrowing books from her boss years ago.  This conversation illustrates several truths. First, Lee proves that if humans, no matter what race, want to be literate, they will do so, even if it means having to develop ingenious ways to accomplish their goal. Secondly, Lee demonstrates that in order for someone to be moral and decent, he or she does not necessarily have to be literate.  Tom Robinson and other members of the church are the epitome of this.

On a more general note, the author subtly reveals the fact that those in power often try to use illiteracy as a means of controlling others.  They know that it is dangerous for someone whom they desire to control to "think" too much.

What positive contributions did the industrialists of the Gilded Age make in the United States?I am trying to look at the positive things the great...

The first thing I would talk about in terms of positive stuff done by the "robber baron" types would be their charitable works.

The most famous of these charitable works, perhaps, was that done by Andrew Carnegie who had gotten so rich in the steel industry.  He contributed, for example $60 million (that would be worth a LOT more today) for the building of public libraries (source: The American Pageant).

Second, the industrialization these men led helped make America a lot richer and, eventually, increased the standard of living of the average American.  For example, the GDP per capita in the United States in 1870 was $2457 (in 1990 dollars).  By 1913 it had more than doubled, reaching $5307.  This shows that the US was getting richer during this time.  And that was driven by the industrialization.  (Source: "History of the American Econom," by Walton and Rockoff)

In the short story "The Gift of the Magi" how does Jim react after he gives Della her present?Jim planned to buy Della a pair of combs that she...

In O. Henry's poignant story, "The Gift of the Magi," Jim is astounded when he returns from work and sees Della, whose hair has been cut off.  He

He simply stared at her fixedly with that peculiar expression on his face....'You've cut off your hair?' asked Jim laboriously, as if he had not arrived at that patent fact yet even after the hardest mental labor.

Jim looked about the room curiously. 'You say your hair is gone?' he said, with almost an air of idiocy.

Jim is nonplussed; he can synthesize the fact when he has sacrificed to buy her the combs for this luxuriant hair that is no longer a possession of Della.  How will he make her happy?  How can he give her the Christmas present that he joyously anticipated giving?  As O. Henry puts it, Jim is in a "trance" ; however, it is to his credit that he does not become angry or scold his loving wife, even though he has given up his most valued possession for no apparent reason.  Instead, he hugs his wife, he "enfolded his Della," and tells her that there is "nothing in the way of a haircut...that could make [him] love [her] any less."

Jim instructs Della to open her present; when Della does so, she utters an "ecstatic scream of joy," at the combs she has long coveted, and then she cries hysterically until Jim again hugs her.  At last, she, too, makes no complaint; instead, she hugs them to her, telling her husband that her hair will soon grow. 

When Della gives Jim the watch chain for which she sacrificed her beautiful hair, Jim "tumbled down" upon the couch, knowing that he has no watch, for he has sold it to buy the combs for Della.  Jim suggests they put their presents away for a while.  After all, they realize that they have already received gifts far greater than these material possessions.  And, for this reason "they are the Magi," they are "the wisest."

The following sentence is an example of what type of figurative language?When describing candles the narrator says, "At first they... all seemed...

In my opinion, the line you cite is an example of simile.  Some might say it is metaphor, but I think it is simile.

In both types of figurative language, you use one thing to describe something else.  In this case, the narrator is using angels as a point of reference to help us understand what the candles looked like.

In a simile, the writer compares things explicitly, using words like "as" or "like."  In this case, he doesn't use either of these words, but the word "seemed" plays the same role.  If it were metaphor, he'd just say "At first, they were angels..."

I guess you could also say this is personification in that the candles are given the ability to have "an aspect of charity" -- to look charitable, which of course inanimate objects can't do.

How does the theme of wisdom apply to The Natural?

Roy Hobbs is one of literature's greatest anti-heroes and, as such, unwise.  Blessed with great natural ability, Roy squanders two careers and his role as a father as he falls prey to women, greed, and food.  Malamud says there are no more heroes left in the modern world, that they are undermined not only by themselves, but by bloodsuckers--journalists (Max Mercy), bookies (Gus Sands), owners (Judge Banner), and--above all--women (Harriet Bird, Memo Paris).

Roy's first career as a natural ends when he fails to give Harriet Bird "wise" answers to her philosophical questions.  She asks him the meaning of life, and his response is:

Sometimes when I walk down the street I bet people will say there goes Roy Hobbs, the best there ever was in the game.

Her reply is:

Is that all? Isn't there something over and above earthly things—some more glorious meaning to one's life and activities?

Roy is clearly an ego-centric physical force who pays no regard to a life of intellect or spirituality.  Seeing this, Harriet becomes an agent of retribution who can't wait to punish arrogant men.  She shoots him out of spite.

Later, when Roy gets a second act (didn't Fitzgerald say there were no second acts?), he repeats the same foolish ways with Memo Paris.  Choosing Memo (of the sick breast) over the clear "vegetative goddess" in Iris Lemon is Roy's most unwise decision, especially since everyone (including Memo) warned him against it.  Iris, the mother of his child and the spark that ends his slump, is forsaken because she is too wholesome, to maternal, too old.

Roy's great bellyache before the big game is the piece de resistance of Roy's naivete and foolishness.  It's so obviously unwise that it's Freudian: Roy is a child who obeys whatever his sick "mother" (Memo) commands.  When he wakes up in the maternity ward, even he must have felt he was being punished by the gods of divine retribution.

After Roy throws the last game over a handful of bucks and he is exposed as a fraud, the kid at the end is incredulous: "Say it ain't so, Roy."  Even kids have the moral high ground in The Natural.

Please compare the Greatest Generation to the 1960's generation.Compare the Greatest Generation to that of the 1960's. What are ways in which...

The "Greatest Generation" is the generation who, as adults  came of age in the Great Depression and served or endured through World War II.  This generation is the one about whom Tom Brokaw wrote: people of strong moral values, conservative economically, patriotic, ethical, responsible. They were the America in which one could walk anywhere safely, leave open their doors in Smalltown, USA.

Because they had suffered through the Depression the veterans and survivors of the Depression tried to pass on their values of frugality, patriotism, and responsibilty to their children while at the same time ensuring that their offspring would "have a better life."  They bought their children nice toys and later sent them to college so that they would not have to work in a hot, dirty factory or steel mill--so that their sons could be gentlemen who had professions, while hoping that their children would marry someone "better."

However, in the 1960's when the "Baby Boomers" (called this because of the huge "boom" in number of babies born after WWII) finished high school and went to college, they were exposed for the first time to more liberal ideas and broader social concerns than their Depression parents could have been concerned with.  Away from home, in a "fantasyland" of thousands of others of their own ages, these college students found social and political causes around which they rallied or protested.  Influenced by the liberal political climate of the college campus--or simply not wishing to be drafted, unlike their fathers,---male students burned their draft cards and ran to Canada to keep from serving.  (Of course, Vietnam was unlike WWII as it was a civil war in another country; years later, officials such as Robert MacNamara admitted to the mistakes made there.)

Comfortable enough in themselves, students became concerned with the less privileged and the Civil Rights Movement was aided by many college students.  A counterculture burgeoned with the Baby Boomers and thrived, according to scholars from 1965-1974.  Sexual mores were questioned and women began the feminist movement, burning their bras in protest.  There were change and experimentation in many areas, including the use of psychedelic and other drugs became prevalent.  The Baby Boomers were a generation who wished to free themselves from the corseted way of life of their parents, who worked and worked and saved and saved and vacationed little.

The social anthropoligist Jentri Anders has observed that a number of freedoms were endorsed during the sixties:  freedom of expression, freedom from traditional roles, freedom from racial oppression, freedom from rigidity in education, etc.  More emphasis was placed upon the aesthetic, with music, art, love of nature, meditation, etc. gaining popularity.  The concept of the American Dream even changed, moving more to consumerism.

The 1960s generation reacted to the conservative attitudes of the generation before them, the generation who knew the horrors of war and the terrible pangs of hunger.  Indeed, the two generations are proof of how environment can shape one's perspectives.

Where in "Fahrenheit 451" does Bradbury say that the question of why is not being used or is fading?

The passage that you are looking for is probably in the section where Beatty comes to Montag's house and gives him a brief history lesson of how it came to be that books were being burnt.  In this lesson, he describes how people became less and less interested in real thinking, because it took too long.  People wanted to know what a book was about, without having to read it themselves.  That way, they could feel smart without having to go to a lot of effort.  In a nutshell, people were lazy.  Now, the government were just peachy with this tendency that people had, because if people were too lazy to read, that means that they were too lazy to think for themselves.  It is independent, free-thinking people that typically cause problems for government--they are the ones that inspire change, rebellion, revolution, and dissatisfaction on a mass scale, that ultimately takes the power away from the government.  So, their society encouraged such lazy behavior; they encouraged books not being read; they enouraged people not thinking.  However, they wanted people to feel like they were thinking, to feel like they were learning, so that their minds weren't bored or restless.  So, instead of giving them deep, profound philosophy that might inspire independence, they gave them shallow, fake learning instead, to give them the feeling of learning without learning anything "dangerous."  Beatty states it as follows, in speaking of Clarisse and her family:

"She didn't want to know how a thing was done, but why.  That can be embarrassing.  You ask why to a lot of things and you wind up very unhappy indeed, if you keep at it."

So, he states later, they try to "nip most of them in the bud," meaning, the people that ask "why" too often.  Instead, they keep people busy with television, activities, fast cars, and useless information; that way, people don't ever get curious because they're so busy being entertained.  I hope that was the passage that you were looking for; good luck!

In ch. 5, Ralph and Piggy prayed for a sign from the grown-up world. In ch. 6, they have been given one. Explain its significance. What is the...

I would also like to add that because the parachutist died as a result of war (a result of violence and cruelty), he truly does become a representation for what they fear. Although only Simon will realize it, "the beast" is actually the evil in each human. This darkness manifests as violence and savagery, as we see on the island. The boys give in to "the beast" and thus descend into savages who only care for huting and killing. Thus, the parachutist really does become the symbol of what they fear.

Also, Samneric's reaction to the form supports this idea of inner darkness. Jack picks up on their fear, and greatly exaggerates the danger for his own gain. So while the parachutist is mistaken for the beast, he also shows that the beast can come in form, from any of us. Unfortunately, Ralph will not realize this until two of his friends have been killed, & the other boys never realize it in the course of the story.

What does a teacher mean when he/she asks to write out the study questions in essay form?Like an actual essay? or number the question then answer...

In a book entitled "The Practical Writer," there is a short essay called the "Stage II paragraph essay."  This paragraph/essay of fifty to one hundred words is an excellent format to use for answering essay questions.  Here is the structure of this Stage II Paragraph Essay:

1.  Write a topic sentence that is a general statement which clearly answers the question.  This topic sentence contains two ideas that relate well to each other.  (as Part A and Part B  under I. of an outline do)

2.  Immediately after writing the topic sentence, write a subtopic that contains the first idea.

3.  Provide at least three supporting details.  These will involve passages/lines from the work that are very specific.

4.  Write the second subtopic sentence.

5.  Support this subtopic with very specific support from the work under question.

6.  Finish the paragraph with a reworded topic sentence.

When you use this format, you will have an organized answer that contains sufficient proof.

7.  Add a clincher which may be a quote from the work that adds umph to you supporting details.

See the site below for other hints.

What is the significance of the advice given by the narrator's grandfather in "Battle Royal" by Ralph Ellison?

“Battle Royal,” published as a short story and then as the first chapter in The Invisible Man, by Ralph Ellison presents the main character, the unnamed young, black narrator. The story takes place in the 1930s in a town which is fully segregated. Told by the older narrator, he reminiscences about his early life.

The initial incident in the story concerns the death of the protagonist’s grandfather.  On his death bed, the grandfather purports to being a spy in the white man’s world.  The old man explains that the life of the black man is a war to gain their independence. He became whatever the white world wanted him to be.  It is unclear to whom he feels he has betrayed:  his race, himself, or his family.

He advises his children to maintain two identities: the bitter, resentful part of themselves and the stereotypical model of the meek, subservient Negro.  From this model, his descendants can protect their personal self-respect, yet internally despise the second-class citizen status given by the white man.

The narrator is haunted by his grandfather’s statements.  Pretending to the whites to be something that he is not becomes a way of life for the black man, but the advice confuses the narrator. It is not until the later events of the story that the grandfather’s message is carried to fruition, without the young narrator recognizing it. That is where the grandfather's advice becomes significant to the story.

There are six events that occur in the story: the grandfather’s deathbed advice; the invitation and to and attendance of the big event; the blonde stripper’s dance; the actual battle royal; the speech; and the dream. As each event occurs, the reader becomes aware of the narrator’s innocence and the truth of the grandfather’s instructions. Viewing the advice as though it was a curse, the young man unknowingly does exactly as his grandfather told him. He dances to the white man’s music to please them.

In the battle royal, the young men fight with white men’s blindfolds, cavorting and moving with the white man’s laughter in their ears. The fighting is both terrible and bizarre. In the end, the last two--including the main character--are made to fight until one of them is forced to give up. It is the narrator who succumbs. More than ever, the reaching for the electrified coins adds to the humiliation provided by the white men for the young black men. It makes the reader wonder whether the same treatment would occur if the boys were white.

Just as the narrator believes that he will not get to give his speech, the superintendent of schools who has been a part of the horrific proceedings calls the narrator up. Despite his battle wounds, he begins to speak. Many of the white men continue to talk during his speech; however, there are some who listen. One incident gets the attention of the audience:

What’s the word you say, boy?

Social responsibility,’ I said.

What?

…responsibility.’

“Social…

‘What?’’ they yelled.

…equality---

His speech represents the final humiliation before this crowd of rude and racist white men. In his heart, he knows that he has played the fool; yet, he is grateful for his scholarship.

The last event comes from the exhausted narrator's dream that same night. In it the narrator continues to dance the white man’s dance. His final statement in the dream becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy: “Keep This N……-Boy Running.” The  grandfather’s laughter completes the degradation of the night and predicts the future.

The grandfather's advice is significant in the beginning of the story because it foreshadows the inevitable mistreatment and humiliation of the narrator at the hands of white men later in his life. This foreshadowing shows how a black man at that time had an inescapable future, no matter how hard he tried to change his fate.

What is the image of the woman in "The Chrysanthemums" by John Steinback?

In this very sparse theatrical short story, Steinbeck portrays Elisa in a contradictory way. She is a childless but happily married woman who takes pride in her home and domestic skills, particulary gardening. She has built a comfortable life for her husband and herself but has become either bored or restless with the rather monotonous lifestyle she leads. For this reason she is delighted to share her passion for growing flowers with a stranger who appears at first to be sincerely interested in her hobby. When he leaves, Elisa gives him a chrysanthemum (with roots!)to be replanted and cared for - only to later discover that he has thrown it away along the way. She realizes that the Tinker's so-called interest had been only polite sham to gratify her need of recognition and acceptance.

If Steinbeck makes no outward feminist statement in "The Chrysanthemums," he nevertheless portrays Elisa in a typical "housewifey" role which does not lend full potential to her existence. Elisa is frustrated by her self-constructed boundaries, with her own "smallness" and limited scope as well as her lack of contact with the outside world. However, she never seems to have made the connection between her obsession with gardening and her need to have nurtured children (which she never had).  In her attempt to find some kind of surrogate activity or preoccupation to take the place of children, she has neglected another basic need - that of finding her role in society beyond the perimeter of the ranch and her domestic responsibilities at home.

The story ends with no cymbals but rather rotates around the quiet interrogation if Elisa will indeed, upon this realization, find fulfilment after all.

In "Because I Could Not Stop For Death" how does the speaker picture death in stanza one? What kind of person is he?

To get a feeling for how Dickinson viewed death, just from stanza one, you have to look really closely at the word choices that she uses.  For example, she states that death "kindly" stopped for her; her use of the word kind indicates that she did not fear death.  She viewed it in a positive light, as a welcome reprieve, as a kindness to have.  Death was not a tragedy or an awful thing, but rather a kind thing to someone suffering an illness.  Look also at how she capitalizes the name Death; giving death a capital D indicates that she respects death.  Think of the words that we capitalize:  Your Majesty, God, America, etc.  When we capitalize words, it is often a symbol of respect, reverence, and even submission.  This shows that Dickinson had a lot of respect for death and what it could do; she showed reverence for its awesome power; she even submitted to that power.

Death picks her up in a carriage; this again indicates that Dickinson feels death is a kind, polite, and respectful power.  It didn't jerk her away, dragging and pulling; it didn't yank or jostle her; instead, it kindly placed her in a carriage.  A carriage is a courtesy, a pleasant ride through town.  This shows that Dickinson viewed death positively, and as a welcome reprieve and rest.  One last indication of her feelings for death lie in the fact that the only ones in the carriage were her and death--death cared for her personally, and took the time for her alone.  This again shows that he is respectful and kind, not brutal, hurried and impersonal.  It was a personal carriage, a personal trip through the town.  He offers to gently take her away from her cares.

All in all, the first stanza reflects Death as being a kind, merciful, personal, gentle and polite force in one's life.  It is not to be feared, it is not brutal or rough, but a welcome visitor.   I hope that helped; good luck!

In The Great Gatsby, Chapter 1, how does the tone of Nick's description of Tom reveal his feelings about Tom?

Nick's description of Tom in Chapter 1 demonstrates a couple of truths about Nick and Tom.  First, at the beginning of Chapter 1, Nick describes himself as an objective, good listener.  He believes that he is the type of person who does not make judgments quickly about other people.  However, after Nick describes his own family background and his reason for moving East, he lapses into a description of Tom Buchanan.  Ironically, his tone is hardly objective when it comes to Tom. Instead, Nick's use of phrases such as "cruel body" and "hard mouth" illustrate his view of Tom as a bullish, intimidating figure.  In summary, his tone (or attitude) regarding Tom is critical and slightly censorious.

Fitzgerald, of course, includes Nick's description of Tom first to foreshadow not only events near the book's end but also to hint at Daisy's strange, ditsy behavior during Chapter One's dinner. By introducing Tom as an excessively wealthy bully, the author sets the scene for Daisy's disillusionment with her marriage to Tom (she makes awkward comments at the dinner table when Tom's mistress calls) and with her lot (and her daughter's) in life as a female.

Please tell me what steps should India take in next five years to become a prosperous and secure nation.Please give me some points.

Firstly for becoming prosperous nation India has some positive factors like
1) Large Domestic Market, 2) Higher spending capacity of Middle and Upper Middle Class, 3) Huge Human Mass for doing work at cheap rates, 4) Low Internal Competition when compared to Quantity of heads

India should do the following things to be prosperous:

1) Promoting National Brands
2) Charging good royalties on export of monopoly goods
3) Developing Energy Sources for Heavy Industries.
4) Stopping people to move towards Americanization by charging huge taxes from the malls and luxury amenities
5) By making Govt Sectors work like private sectors following strict working protocols.
6) By employing Federal Mode of elections i.e. allowing only two parties to contest for presidency as in USA rather than having so many regional and religious parties.
7) By amending our constitution in matter related to political code of conduct and nature.
8) Cabinets and Ministries should be assigned to qualifying persons/politicians with good respective educational background or experience.
9) Cost cutting at Government Expenses,
10) Basic increase in salaries should be done
11) stop issuing licences to engineering colleges and medical colleges.. it should be limited to sound students only.. thus making a quality talent pool with really qualifies
12) infrastructure development should be in hands of government allied companies so that government earns and transform themselves as per the trends..
13) Privatization should be done of loss-making gov. sectors.
14) Giving the Unique Identification Number to citizens and making it a standalone mandatory requirement for all ids and bank transactions.. thus controlling black money and getting proper taxes from the citizens.
15) Developing basic facilities for people on work to eat basis..
16) Eliminating Corruption by taking certain decisive steps which are being ignored by politicians for their benefits.
17) Military rule should be applied to nation for atleast 5 years to make the citizen's conscience right..
18) Military education should be compulsory for all citizen to nurture the patriotic feeling in them...
19) following ISRAEL's way of developing.

To make India secure following steps should be taken:
1) Increasing technology use in defence
2) upgrading technology in air and naval defence
3) Providing better safety suits to soldiers so their lives can be saved..
4) Using automated robots for patrolling and high risk areas to avoid human loss
5) employing best inclass fighter jets, missiles, tanks, and other equipments.
6) Police force should be check for their health and should be trained as per Military codes
7) They should be pressurized to solve the cases fast and in time..
8) strong defensive actions to be taken on enemy countries to stop them from intruding or harassing citizens.

How does the pursuit of happiness relate to belonging?What themes, ideas and relationships are there that relate to belonging?

One of the critical themes of the film is how individuals perceive those who are on the "outside" of our social order.  Chris Gardner starts out the story belonging to the world of wealth, privilege, and respect.  Through financial challenges, he is relegated to the outside.  His desire to belong to a world of stock brokerage is sustained through his belief in his dreams and the commitment he has to his son.  He is animated by his desire to belong, and his desire to link his dreams to success that comes with belonging.  The film shows that if one seeks to belong to something and this is embedded in their dreams, then it can be accomplished so long as individuals show their commitment and are not afraid to take the opportunities presented.  In this light, dreams and belonging go together quite well.

Why does Romeo ultimately say that he will go to Mantua?William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet"

In "Romeo and Juliet" after an enraged Romeo slays Tybalt in an act of revenge for the death of his dear friend Mercutio, he is banished from Verona by the Prince who declares,

Let Romeo hence in haste,/Else, when he's fuond, that hur is his last./Bear hence this body, and attend our will./Mercy but murders, pardoning those that kill. (IIII,i,177-180)

After his act of murder, Romeo retreats to the cell of Friar Laurence; he asks the Frair "what news? (III,iii,4) and when the priest informs him of his banishment, Romeo decries it as having more terror than death.  The friar seeks to comfort him, saying that "the world is broad and wide" (III,iii,16), but Romeo contradicts him,

There is no world without Verona walls,/Buit Purgatory, torture, Hell itself./Hence banished is banished from the world,/And world's exile is death. (III,iii,17-20)

The Friar attempts to change Romeo's desire to commit suicide by giving him "armor to keep off that word":  philosophy, but Romeo tells Friar Laurence that he cannot understand the love he has for Juliet.  Then, the friar counters,

Wilt thou slay thyself?/And slay thy lady too that lives in thee/By doing damned hate upon thyself? (III,iii,114-116)

He points out to Romeo that Tybalt--an impediment to his marrying Juliet--is now gone; the law that was death has been changed to mere exile; he can go to Juliet and comfort her, for she has "cried" on Romeo and is worried for him.  Afterwards, he can go to Mantua where he can remain until the friar can make public the couple's marriage, "reconcile" Romeo and Juliet's friends, and beg pardon from the Prince.  Then, Romeo will be called back with

twenty hundred thousand times more joy/Than thou went'st forth in lamentation. (III,iii,13--14)

Romeo agrees to this purposal, saying, "Do so, and bid my swee prepare to chide" (III,iii,147).  Then, the Nurse gives Romeo a ring from Juliet, a sign of her devotion.  He is "revived by this" (III,iii,150), and again has hope:

But that a joy past joy calls out on me/It were a grief so brief to part with thee./Farewell. (III,iii,160)

These scenes in the play are again more evidence of Romeo's mercurial nature and impetuous actions; they suggest how easily he can change in temper, a foreshadowing of possible repercussions.

In "Hamlet" why did the ghost appear to Hamlet?

I've always been confused, and fascinated, by the ghost.  Why would a ghost in purgatory, who wants to go to heaven by sending his murderer to hell, ask his son to commit revenge, a pagan act, thereby sending him to hell as well?

And why does it appear to Hamlet?  Most revenge ghosts appear to those that have murdered them.  Banquo appears to Macbeth.  Caesar appears to Brutus.  Why, then, does the ghost appear to Hamlet and not Claudius?

And the ghost exhibits double standards.  We are also forgetting that the ghost makes a deal with Hamlet: take revenge upon Claudius but leave Gertrude to heaven.  Surely, the ghost would want Hamlet to take revenge on Gertrude too, if not for accessory to murder, then surely for incest.

And the ghost appears twice to Hamlet.  Later in the closet scene, as Hamlet is getting rough with his mother, the Ghost appears again and tells him to back off.  Freudian (psycho-analytic) critics have had a field day with this reprise of the Oedipal Complex.

I tend to think the Ghost as an instrument of performance.  He has the best lines in the play.  He's an agent of in medias res, who awakens Hamlet's performance, the same way Mercutio awakens Romeo.  As critic Catherine England says:

Perhaps the ghost is a parallel to Polonius: a father sacrificing a child to a principle or a perceived greater good. The ghost doesn't reappear after Act III. Neither does Polonius. The functions of both are completed. Ophelia goes mad and dies. Hamlet, who was never mad, kills Polonius, comes to terms with death, and thus also with life, finally kills Claudius, and dies himself. Good and evil, life and death, married in one man, as is the true nature of mankind. Without the ghost, Hamlet could not reach that fulfillment of himself.

What is the significance of the Letterbox?

The letter box is the anchor of the story's foreshadowing of "something" that will be filtered through the everyday life of Nora and will change her forever. The moment we find out that she has been blackmailed, the letterbox becomes the center of attention: It is the potential agent of chance that Nora is dreading so much, and which will change the course of the story, and of her life.  Considering that letterboxes are the main key of communication among upperclassmen and women, we can almost see how throughout the play, this very important communication device (where people leave infromation, introduce themselves, and place their "calling cards) had not become so available, just like Nora had not openly communicated her situation, or her real self, to her husband.

When reality finally hit and Nora's life as she knew it depended on whether the letter would be read or not, and whether the letterbox would be opened or not, we see how the fact that the letter box was both open and closed and then opened again is similar to Nora's own secret ordeal.

How do I write a hypothesis for the topic "why people cheat"? I am lost, I don't understand how to write one. An example would be good, thank...

Cheating is a primordial inclination in man. Cheating is an act of lying, deception, fraud, trickery, impersonation and the like. Men (and women too) do cheat just to attain an unfair advantage for selfish gains at the expense of others. You can consider the following examples / varieties of cheating:

a) a sportsperson found cheating--using banned drugs for capacity-enhancing;

b) a husband having a secret affair with another woman, or a wife enjoying a clandestine extra-marital love with another man; such an act of infidelity / adultery in marital relationship, or a similar act of violation of mutual trust in love in pre-marital man-woman relationship is not uncommon;

c) various sorts of academic cheating--plagiarizing papers in the tests, copying from other sources to claim originality in researches, forging documents to claim bonafide status and so on.

People cheat, to use Lady Macbeth's phrase, 'to catch the nearest way' to success. Since nothing succeeds like success, nothing fails like faiure, and nobody wants to fail in any pursuit in life. The more the rat-race for success accelerates, the more the desperation picks up, and hence the alarming frequency of cheating.

Why does Updike in "Ex-basketball Player" write that Flick's "hands were like wild birds" ?John Updike's "Ex-Basketball Player"

In the third stanza of "Ex-Basketball Player," by John Updike, the poet uses the simile, "His hands were like wild birds" to convey the incredible swiftness Flick Webb had when he played basketball.  While conveying the speed and nervous energy that Flick has possessed, Updike's poetic image is in sharp contrast to the next line that describes the banal acitivites now of Flick's hands:

He never learned a trade, he just sells gas,/Checks oil, and changes flats....

Having graduated, John does no other than simple, monotonous activities with this hands;  he "just sells gas," and he "Checks oil, and changes flats."  These contrasting images of Flick's hands exemplify the controlling metaphor of the poem: The once great, stellar player on the basketball team is no longer free and unique;he merely engages in banal and trivial activities:  he pumps gas and checks the oil and changes tires.  No longer do crowds shout for him, no longer do they applaud.

Does "The Last Leaf" present a clear point of view? How?

The story, “The Last Leaf,” by O. Henry, is a prime example of the third person omniscient point of view. Through the use of this type of narrator, Henry clearly shows us each of the characters attitudes, thoughts, emotions, and etc. including “Mr. Pneumonia . . . with his icy fingers.” The quality and sweetness of this story would not be the same if Sue had simply told us how the tough acting Johnsy had suffered with fear and depression over her illness. Or if Sue had tried to relay to the reader the precious gift the gruff German artist had given them at his own expense. Or even if Sue had tried to convey to us her frustration and heartbreak at Johnsy attitude and condition. It was necessary for Henry to use an omniscient narrator in order for the reader to get a true sense of the complexity of thought and emotion that went into this story and the interaction of the characters.

What is the narrator's point of view in Things Fall Apart? What important values are revealed?

The speaker, as a third-person omniscient narrator, has an objective viewpoint. This means that the narrator does not display any bias towards any of the characters, nor any personal sentiment about any event or action. The narrator only provides insight into characters' thinking or their frames of mind and is not judgmental. The speaker attempts to provide the reader with as much detail as possible so that the reader may arrive at his/her own conclusion and assess characters, events and actions using his or her own judgment and critical skills.

It is clear throughout Things Fall Apart, that the narrator does not take sides and, even though some of the passages are filled with emotion, they are described more from the perspectives of the characters themselves, than from the narrator's. Since the narrator in this novel is also not personally involved in the events and the unfolding of the story, as a first- or even a second-person narrator would be, it makes it easier and logical, that the narrator would be offering an objective perspective. 

I assume that the second part of the question is a reference to the values held by the cultures/people being described in the novel. Igbo culture, similar to practically all cultures in the world, is based on principles of respect, honour and the retention and protection of whatever is good in society as well as the defence thereof. So it is therefore, that a system of rules had been put in place to ensure that these values are learnt firstly, and then subscribed to. Any form of disobedience to these rules (call them laws, if you will) is punishable in some or other way, depending on the severity of the transgression. Just as in any justice system, there are seniors who are consulted for their wisdom and insight in issues of dispute. They also dispense justice after consultation. 

Some of the more important values revealed in the novel are:

Respect for tradition and celebrations: Okonkwo did not show respect during The Week of Peace and was punished for it.
A man's value is determined through hard work: Okonkwo had always resented his father's laziness and worked extremely hard to become one of the most respected men in his village - the complete opposite of his father.
Respect for another's property: A man is not allowed to claim property or use another's (movable or immovable) without providing proof of his entitlement or permission.
A life for a life: Since every person's life is valuable, the taking of another's life means that a life has to be sacrificed in atonement or to replace the value of the life lost, as it was with Ikemefuna when he was placed in Okonkwo's care and eventually executed, in lieu of payment for the murder of Udo's wife.

Could you mention a citation from Virginia Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway which characterize Mrs. Dalloway?

In the following citation, the reader can see Mrs. Dalloway's thoughts about Peter and why she didn't marry him. She also has many insights into the nature of the married life. She realizes what kind of relationship she can tolerate and what she cannot. She and Peter fought and he wanted so much closeness and required a lot from her. She chose not to marry him.

For they might be parted for hundreds of years, she and Peter; she never wrote a letter and his were dry sticks; but suddenly it would come over her, If he were with me now what would he say?—some days, some sights bringing him back to her calmly, without the old bitterness; which perhaps was the reward of having cared for people; they came back in the middle of St. James’s Park on a fine morning—indeed they did. But Peter—however beautiful the day might be, and the trees and the grass, and the little girl in pink— Peter never saw a thing of all that. He would put on his spectacles, if she told him to; he would look. It was the state of the world that interested him; Wagner, Pope’s poetry, people’s characters eternally, and the defects of her own soul. How he scolded her! How they argued! She would marry a Prime Minister and stand at the top of a staircase; the perfect hostess he called her (she had cried over it in her bedroom), she had the makings of the perfect hostess, he said.

So she would still find herself arguing in St. James’s Park, still making out that she had been right—and she had too—not to marry him. For in marriage a little licence, a little independence there must be between people living together day in day out in the same house; which Richard gave her, and she him. (Where was he this morning for instance? Some committee, she never asked what.) But with Peter everything had to be shared; everything gone into. And it was intolerable, and when it came to that scene in the little garden by the fountain, she had to break with him or they would have been destroyed, both of them ruined, she was convinced; though she had borne about with her for years like an arrow sticking in her heart the grief, the anguish; and then the horror of the moment when some one told her at a concert that he had married a woman met on the boat going to India! Never should she forget all that! Cold, heartless, a prude, he called her. Never could she understand how he cared. But those Indian women did presumably— silly, pretty, flimsy nincompoops. And she wasted her pity. For he was quite happy, he assured her—perfectly happy, though he had never done a thing that they talked of; his whole life had been a failure. It made her angry still.

However she still loves Peter and that she cannot deny. She misses him, even though she doesnt say it outright. She is also angry at him that he never made a good life for himself.

Mrs. Dalloway is the kind of novel that shows her inward thinking. In almost every passage you can learn something about her.

This citation is from the first page or two.

What are three theories or questions you have about "The Fall of the House of Usher"?Short story by Edgar Allan Poe.

Does the story line insinuate that the curse over the house of Usher (the house as well as the family) was brought on by an incestuous relationship between the brother and sister? If so, what passages imply this?

Does Roderick fit the profile of a bipolar personality type?  If so, what passages indicate this is indeed the case?

What elements of foreshadowing prepare the reader for the end of the story?

In what way is the house itself a symbol (and of what)?

Why don't Roderick or the narrator respond more quickly when they hear strange noises coming from the crypt? What psychological defense mechanisms would be in action here?

How does the narrator of this story differ from the narrators of "The Black Cat," "The Tell-Tale Heart" and "The Pit and the Pendulum?"  Of the three, which narrator does he most resemble?

What is the conclusion of the play, A Doll's House?

Ibsen's play ends with Nora deciding to break up her marriage, leave her husband and children, and go off on her own. She hopes to develop an identity of her own. This decision is the surprising culmination of Nora's conflicts, both internal and external. 

Over the course of the play Nora faces challenges to her honesty, her willingness to face up to her own actions (moral, immoral, loving and criminal), and, finally, challenges to her sense of self. The breaking point for Nora comes when Torvald fails to do the "miraculous thing" that she expects of him. 

When she tells her husband about Krogstad and the loan, Nora expects that Torvald will offer to take the blame himself. She expects him to be both noble and loving. If he were to act in this way, Nora's view of her marriage would be reinforced and she would even be personally redeemed. 

Torvald does not act in this way. To the contrary, Torvald berates Nora and shouts at her about how she has ruined him. It is this behavior from her husband that opens Nora's eyes to the truth of her marriage and forces her to face the difficult truths that A) Torvald has no respect for her and B) she has no identity of her own. 

Her problem is that she is totally dependent upon her husband for all her needs; or she deceives herself into thinking so until the end of the play.

Nora attributes this fact of her character to the treatment she has received from both her husband and her father.

Nora's personal crisis leads to a major decision for her future and for the future of her family. She decides to leave her husband and children. Torvald tries to convince Nora that he now understands how he should treat her. He tries to convince her to stay, but she is adamant about leaving. 

Her decision to leave is a daring one that indicates the seriousness of Nora's desire to find and create her own identity.

What character(s) in the novel Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton, best shows personal journeys from Ignorance to enlightenment?

I have just answered a very similar question concerning Stephen Kumalo, so instead of focusing on him again, I will look at the character of James Jarvis. One of the important stylistic aspects of this novel is how Kumalo´s journey is paralleled with that of Jarvis - both leave their homes in the countryside and go to the city of Johannesburg, where they have to confront certain realities about themselves, their family and their country that change them irrevocably and "enlighten" them, making them wiser characters that want to be part of making their country a better place. A really interesting question would be to compare both of these characters and the "journeys" they undergo.

One key difference between them of course is that Jarvis never has an opportunity to meet his son again, though of course, in the course of the novel, both of these key characters lose their sons. However, arguably, Jarvis is allowed to "meet" his son, if not physically, then through his writing and the ideas that he championed about the problem of South Africa. Jarvis starts off as a white, English speaking farmer whose farm is situated on the good land that the tribe of Ndotsheni do not have access too. Jarvis, like many of his contemporaries, doesn´t really care or know much about the rampant division and injustice within South Africa. He appears to merely focus on his family and his job, not being aware of how the political system which governs his life favours him over others.

However, this attitude is destroyed irrevocably with the news of the death of his son. His journey to Johannesburg allows him to know his son in a way that he has never before known him. He discovers the position of authority that Arthur had gained in the community and an important orator for social justice. Jarvis realises with a chilling realisation that his son had become a stranger to him:

Jarvis filled his pipe slowly, and listened to this tale of his son, to this tale of a stranger.

Trying to understand his son, Jarvis reads his writings concerning South Africa and Arthur´s perception of them. He is moved and inspired by his son´s work, and is "enlightened" through reading them. These writings appear to give Jarvis a moral awakening, and he returns to his farm determined to try to make things better for the people in the village, by, for example, supplying milk to the children and employing an agriculturist. He commits himself to fulfilling the last wish of his wife before she dies - to rebuild the church in Ndotsheni. Thus, although he is a man of few words he expresses himself through his actions and his commitment to making a difference, whatever the cost to himself, is moving.

What are the benefits and risks of pork consumption?

Unprocessed pork is low in sodium chloride and has a rich protein content.Is also a good source of vitamins and minerals needed for a healthy body: iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and zinc, and a series of group B vitamins such as vitamin B6, B12, nicotinic acid, thiamine, riboflavin.

Protein

Pork is a wonderful source of protein. A serving of 100 grams meat  provides about half of the daily requirement of an adult.

Fats

- Fat content of pork depends on the part location(breast, etc.),  the "weakest" meat being the one of the 6g fat content per 100g of meat;

- Pork contains more unsaturated fat than saturated fat;

- Pork contains conjugated linoleic acid, considered by experts as a good ally of the body against cancer or cardiovascular disease;

Iron

- Pork is a good source of iron for the body and is recommended to be inserted in the diet, if feriprive anemia (with iron deficiency);

- A 100-gram portion of pork provides 15% of the daily iron;

Zinc

- By consuming 100 grams of pork ensure 30% of the daily demand for zinc;

- According to studies, people who exclude meat from your diet of any type, face shortage of zinc amounts;

- Iron, zinc and vitamin D contained in red meat is better absorbed by the body, unlike other foods that contain them;

Risks to health

Uncooked, pork can be the carriers of parasites or dormant diseases . Served after removal of the parts full of fat and cooked without being fried in oil, pork fat is low, on the opposite,consumption of parts full of fat  is a risk factor for cholesterol because of rich content saturated fat.

Pigs have the reputation for being dirty animals,  prone to infections caused by parasites - Trichinella. Trichinella is a tiny worm that lives in muscle and can cause disease - in humans, by consumption of pork - a parasitic disease called Trichinellosis - the main risk of consumption of pork.

What are the plot and conflicts of "Araby"?

James Joyce's story Araby is apparently a simple enough love-story about an unnamed Dublin boy living in North Richmond Street who falls in love with his playmate Mangan's sister, with whom he hardly meets or talks. But he builds all his idealistic fantasy around her serene image which is his backbone in an otherwise humdrum daily life. His intensity for her grows and becomes laced with a latent sexual charge. Finally the two meet and she refers to an oriental fair called Araby where she would have liked to go but cannot go as their school fest has clashed with its dates. She does not really instruct him to go to the place but the boy's entire intensity now shifts to Araby as that one definitive word spoken by her. It becomes her. He conceptualizes it as a fantasy-land of purity and innocence. The rest of the story is about the boy's rather troubled and delayed visit to the place only to find it as a drab market or bazaar where everything is artificial and on sale, where human speech loses meaning. There is no charm and the boy is severely disappointed at this. The story ends with an epiphanic moment when the boy stands all alone in the darkening passage of the place and sees himself in the derision of all his false pride and stupidity. It is a deeply disturbing and yet learning moment for him--a slice of experience that will make a man out of the boy perhaps. As Pound said, Araby is not only a story; it is also a 'vivid waiting'.

In "The Bear," how does Faulkner distinguish between foolhardiness and bravery?

In "The Bear," Faulkner makes a distinction between foolhardiness and bravery that relates to comprehension, reasonableness and wisdom. In Part II, the narrator is talking about the protagonist's "mongrel" "fyce" dog, saying that its hunting had long since ceased to be acts of bravery and had become acts of foolhardiness.

The distinction inferred is that it is reasonableness; comprehension of danger and reward; and wisdom in cautiousness that separates bravery from foolhardiness, which is the reckless plunging headlong into danger for the emotional thrill of it.

In another section, Faulkner suggests that the distinction between cowardice and bravery is the presence of the psychological state of fear in the former and the presence of the emotion of being scared in the latter. Here, foolhardiness seems to be distinguished from bravery by reckless, abandoned emotion as opposed to contained emotion.

A problem from VAT:-A retailer buys an article at a discount of 15% on the printed price from a wholesaler. He marks up the price by 10%. Due to...

The most important thing to remember here is that you have to be careful about the percentages.  You can't just add them up and say that the price for the consumer was 10% off the original price.

First, find out how much the VAT was.

6771.6 = 1.08x because it equals the price plus 8% of the price for VAT.

x = 6270

So the seller got Rs 6270 and must have paid Rs 501.6 in VAT.

Now find the printed price.

The original discount was 15% so the retailer buys it for 85% of the printed price.

He marks it up 10%.  This means he marks it up 10% of 85% -- not 10% of the original price.  So now the price is 93.5% of the printed price.

From there, he allows a 5% discount (off of the 93.5%).  Once you do the math here, the price to the customer is 89% of the printed price (actually .888 but I rounded up).

So Rs 6270 is actually 89% of the printed price.

6270 = .89x

So the printed price was Rs 7044.94

Now to find the profit.

How much did the retailier buy it for?  He paid 85% of the printed price, or 85% of 7044.94.  This is Rs 5988.2

So he got 6270 for the item and paid 5988.2.  This means he got Rs 281.8 of profit.

281.8 is 4.7% of 5988.2

What is the difference, according to Santiago, between those who think of the sea as 'la mar' and those who speak of it as 'el mar'?briefly

Here's the full passage in context:

He always thought of the sea as la mar which is what people call her in Spanish when they love her. Sometimes those who love her say bad things of her but they are always said as though she were a woman. Some of the younger fishermen, those who used buoys as floats for their lines and had motorboats, bought when the shark livers had brought much money, spoke of her as el mar which is masculine. They spoke of her as a contestant or a place or even an enemy. But the old man always thought of her as feminine and as something that gave or withheld great favours, and if she did wild or wicked things it was because she could not help them. The moon affects her as it does a woman, he thought.

To Santiago, an old man, the sea is feminine, motherly.  She is nurturing and has a depth of wisdom.  She is to be treated with dignity.  She provides him with "brothers," big fish, which is what he repeatedly calls the marlin: "my brother."  Yes, she has not been kind to Santiago for 84 straight days and he may curse her, but she is still his mother; he establishes the proper symbiotic relationship with nature.

To the young fisherman, she is masculine, not like a father, but like an enemy of no relation at all.  These fisherman fish for shark livers to make a quick buck, and they are like sharks themselves: violent scavengers.  They use motorboats (pollutants) and buoys (cheats) and therefore exploit the sea for money only.  They only blame her and do not look inside themselves for knowledge as to reasons why she withholds her gifts.  They do not love her (or even acknowledge her proper gender).  Above all, they do not commune with her, which is the proper relationship between man and nature.

What is an Oligosaccharide?

Oligosaccharides are compounds from sugars class,   in their  molecular structure entering a small number of units of monosaccharides, identical or different, linked together by  glycosidic links. Following the units of monosaccharides components, we meet di-, tri-, tetrasaccharides.

Disaccharides

Is obtained by removing a molecule of water between two monosaccharides. In nature the most common disaccharides are formed hexoze (glucose, galactose, fructose). They are known two types of disaccharides: reducing disaccharides and non-reducing disaccharides.

Physical properties
Compounds are solid, with good solubility in water, when heated, decomposes,

Chemical properties
They have all the properties characteristic of monosaccharides.

Representatives
1. Maltose is found in small quantities in plants, malt germ, in yeast, in some animal secretions. Maltose is the structural unit of starch. Obtained by hydrolysis of starch in the presence of mineral acids or by enzymatic path, under the action of the enzyme amylase.

2. Sucrose- is the structural unit of cellulose

3. Lactose is found in mammalian milk.

Oligosaccharides favors increasing intestinal bacterial flora, especially Lactobacillus bifidus species and thereby contribute to defense against pathogens!

In Stave 3 of A Christmas Carol, what is the point of going to the lighthouse and the ship, and what is the great surprise Scrooge has?

In A Christmas Carol Dickens uses the three ghosts to show Scrooge the development of his attitude to Christmas--which works as a broader symbol for humanity in general--the relations of his attitude to the attitude of [virtually] all other people in England and the eventual consequences of his attitude toward Christmas--a cold, unmourned and lonely death after which his pockets will be picked and his belongings sold off. When Scrooge magically travels to the lighthouse then to the ship, he is in the company of the second ghost, The Ghost of Christmas Present. The objective of the Ghost's choice of destinations is to show Scrooge scenes that are generally agreed to be some of the most desolate, lonely, dangerous, and despairing.

The life of lighthouse watchers is certainly lonely and isolated, and they see vast dangers when the seas roar and roil all around them while crashing ships and lives at their very feet. Surely such lighthouse keepers would share Scrooge's disdain for the fruit of Christmas, which is kindness, charitableness, and loving acceptance of life and the world. Yet what Scrooge sees is two men joining together in their remote and isolated refuge from storms and disaster by sharing a meal together in a spirit of rejoicing and thanks:

two men who watched the light had made a fire ... . Joining their horny hands over the rough table at which they sat, they wished each other Merry Christmas in their can of grog;

The Ghost takes Scrooge to the ship for the same reasons. The life of a ship's crew is fraught with danger, loneliness, isolation, and often the hostility of violent sailors’ tempers. Yet what Scrooge sees in men thinking kindly of Christmases past and of dear loved ones in families and among friends. He also sees them being glad to know they are lovingly and kindly thought of themselves by the dear ones who await them ashore:

had a kinder word for another on that day than on any day in the year; ... . and had remembered those he cared for at a distance, and had known that they delighted to remember him.

The surprise Scrooge gets is the sudden transition from the desolate raging sea, having Death as its guardian, to the sound of laughter: "it was a great surprise to Scrooge, ... to hear a hearty laugh." He is further surprised when he finds the laughter comes from his nephew who is safely secured in his own parlor surrounded by his loving wife and merry friends:

much greater surprise to Scrooge to recognise it as his own nephew's and to find himself in a bright, dry, gleaming room.

They happen to be laughing at Fred's amused rendering of the anecdote of his encounter with Scrooge during which Fred invites him to the festivities and Scrooge roughly declines with a "Bah! Humbug!" Scrooge is also surprised that they feel sorry for him and don't count his wealth as giving a benefit to him.

He said that Christmas was a humbug, as I live! ... His wealth is of no use to him. He don't do any good with it....

How did Tagore fight aginst the British occupiers and how did Gandhi do it? What is the differences between their fighting styles against England?

I'm assuming that you are referring in this question to Rabindranath Tagore.

Both Tagore and Gandhi struggled to free India from British rule during the first half of the 20th Century.  The two were good friends and collaborators in this cause.

However, they did have differences in their approaches to reisistance.  Gandhi, of course, believed in passive resistance to unjust laws.  He believed that by opposing the laws, he and his followers would be able to show the British how unjust the laws were.

Tagore did not place as much confidence in passive resistance.  He thought that it was not necessarily a moral way to fight oppression.  He thought that it was like any other kind of force in that it could make the people who used it power-hungry.  Finally, he worried that Gandhi was oversimplifying the issues that faced India and that this oversimplification would lead to problems in the future.

For his part, Tagore was more of a philosophical leader than Gandhi, who was more into practical action.  He talked more about how to be moral and philosophically correct than about how to go about getting India out from under British control.