In "The Scarlet Ibis," which of Doodle's characteristics enable him to learn to walk?

In addition to being persistent, Doodle is innocent when it comes to the harshness of this world.  He cannot stand to process the negative aspects of reality such as the coffin that Brother shows him (which was intended for Doodle) or the abandoned dead scarlet ibis outside their house.  To combat these shocking truths of life, Doodle dreams, and his dreaming personality enables him to envision himself walking, running, doing all the things that Brother does.  In his dreams, he also sees himself living in an idyllic swamp kingdom, where he flies high above all the troubles and concerns of the world.

Doodle also possesses selflessness, which causes him to want to please Brother and his parents more than anything else.  He endures physical pain, Brother's condescension, and more so that he can make Brother and the rest of his family proud of him.

Who plans what, for whom, and how? Discuss with reference to language planning in the Indian context.

I am not clear what is meant by Language planning in Indian or any other context. However I will describe in brief the situation regarding language in context of Indian Government.

The language situation in India is rather knotty. The national language of India is Hindi, but the official language used by central government and many of the state governments in English. Each State has its own state language which can be Hindi or one of about 15 recognized regional languages. In addition to these recognized regional languages there are scores other regional languages, which are not officially recognized as regional languages but are used by large section of people. If we consider dialects, these languages run into hundreds.

Though at the time of independence of India in 1947, and at the time of adoption of its constitution in 1951, it was envisaged that India will have Hindi as a common national language for all its people. But as the work of government then was carried out completely in English, and higher education was also completely in English, it was thought necessary to provide some time for complete changeover from English to Hindi.

However there were delays in implementing change over from English to Hindi. In the mean time some groups of people started opposing introduction of Hindi, while others started opposing continuation of English. These language issues became very sensitive political issues. In due course different states started to promote within their states their regional language replacing English.

The net result is that the situation is rather confusing. Hindi is still the national language, but there appears to be no movement towards its implementation. The state governments are trying to promote regional language including in education. But general public finds that their job prospects are better when they study in institutions that teach through the medium of English language.

Thus there are many different forces pulling the nation in different direction in matters of language, and there is no clear movement in any one direction. Only one clear trend is that percentage of people with knowledge of English and Hindi is increasing. Also there is a tend towards people learning the regional language of place where they stay and study, in addition to learning their native regional language.

Recipes with seeds, leaves and roots in sumero-Arkadian pharmacy?

The recipes often cites palm, cedar, pine, fig, almond, and their fruit, and cane, saffron, mustard, chicory, onion, garlic, sesame.

Drugs from nature animals were obtained from snakes, lizards, wolves, dogs.

Drugs related to mineral were gypsum, sulfur, alum, metal oxides. The recipes were generally composed of many ingredients. Medication was varied and was met as the form of solutions, ointments, maceration, powders, suppositories, poultices from fetid organic products in order to cast evil spirits.

Pharmacopoeia  recommend seeds, roots, stems and sap of young shoots, leaves and fruit, distinguishing between herbaceous, woody, aromatic and resinous. Are often used only some plant species that grow in specific places.

 Sometimes are included in recipes some ingredients with magical action, such as dust or powder on the doorstep or a tomb, temple or any town left. Preparation of medicines is done in a way very carefully, weighing the ingredients as accurately as can be. It is assumed that there were used quite sensitive scales. The unit for weight was talent, and 60 shekels were the equivalent of 0.27 g.

Medical texts gave precise instructions on how to prepare the remedies. Medicines should be taken at certain times of day or night, or introduced into the body orally or applied externally. It is often used fumigations or smelling a therapeutic substance, poultices were applied  with different mixtures, held 3-4 days, there were oil enemas and suppositories. There were small bronze tubes through which drug substances were placed in body cavities,or therapeutic  dust were blown in. Along with medicines, prescribing massage and gymnastics was often recommended. Prescribing a large number of recipes for the same disease, which apparently were used at a time. Fermented beverages were known.

 Code of Hammurabi provided suppression of the abuse of beer in some taverns,which  it was initially used during religious ceremonies. Much later, beer consumption has become a habit. Babylonians Art in perfumery and cosmetics was recognized in the Orient, by intense trade that they do with it. Herbs were apparently planted under the care of trained gardeners.

In his "Herbarium Assyrian" (1924), R. Campbell Thompson has described over 250 medicinal plants, 180 animal preparations and 120 chemicals.

 Selling all kinds of drugs was so active that it seems that there was, at the time of Hammurabi, a street of  remedies seller in the city of Sippar. In Hippocratic writings are found many recipes from Babylonian medicine and pharmacy , and some Greek terms of drugs name,  that are used today, are of Babylonian origin.

How does the book end? Does her Savvy save her dad?I feel if I know about the story, I can help my student as it will be familiar to her as she...

Mibs' savvy is that ink on skin--tattoos, fake tattos, a smiley face drawn with pen on a hand--can speak to her.  At the beginning of the novel, it is mentioned that her father has a tattoo of a mermaid on his arm.  At the end of the book, Mibs makes it to the hospital, and although she does not "save" her father, she is finally able to hear the faint song of the mermaid and know that her father is coming back to them.

Define the term "soliloquy" and explain its purpose.

A soliloquy is a dramatic device in which a character speaks his or her thoughts out loud.

The purpose of such a device is to illustrate what is going on in the character's head in a way that can not be done quite as well through dialogue or action.  This can be very important in a play because the character's thoughts can be quite central to the development of the play.

For example, in Hamlet's "to be or not to be" soliloquy, we are given an insight into his psyche and we are allowed to understand what his thoughts are about life and death.

How are the themes of Ehtan Frome by Edith Wharton and the themes of The Crucible by Arthur Miller related?These themes are not about the overall...

Both novels depict similar challenges within the realm of marriage.  There is a certain emptiness which exist in both sets of marriages in each of the works.  Ethan's emptiness with Zeena is similar, though not completely the same, as John's emptiness with Elizabeth at the outset of the play.  Both Ethan and John experience some level of disenchantment with their marriages.  This would explain why John pursued a relationship with Abigail and why Ethan sees Mattie as a potential escape.  Another similarity between both sets of marriages are the challenges of communication.  At the start of the play, John and Elizabeth have a difficult time communicating with one another, and the prior relationship with Abigail only adds to it.  Ethan and Zeena have nothing but disparity in communication, as they are incapable of speaking what one or both feel about the nature of their relationship. To a large extent, both couples continue on with their front of marriage for social acceptance and convention.

I need a summary, analysis or some explanation for the following poem, plz i need it very fast. It's Not Growing Like a Tree by Ben Jonson

The poem 'It is not growing like a tree' by Ben Jonson has a theme of estimating worth or value. At the beginning of the poem he is saying something akin to the old saying 'brain versus brawn' where a man's value is measured in terms of strength alone. Ben Jonson uses the word 'bulk' - in other words just because something is bigger than everything else, doesn't mean to say it's better. Value is relative and subjective and different people have different ways of measuring different attributes. Some people,for instance, may value a lily over a tree for it's scent or the beauty of it's petals. A similar old saying runs ' there's good goods in small packages' or ' one diamond is worth more than a thousand bags of coal.' Ben Jonson is wanting us to look closely at things and to be careful how we estimate their worth because appearances can be deceptive.

Use the information to answer the following two questions You plan to retire in 30 years. .You project that you will live another 20 years after...

I disagree... You are right that B is correct.  Here's how to go about it.

First, you need to figure out how much you will need at the beginning of your retirement (so that you can draw money out at $50,000 per year and not run out until you die, 20 years after retiring).

The formula for that is:

PVA = ANN* {1-[1/(1+i)^n]}/i

ANN is your annuity -- the $50,000 that you want each year, i is your interest rate and n is how many years you need the annuity.

So: PVA = 50,000*{1-[1/(1.05)^20]}/.05

1.05^20 is 2.653298; 1 divided by that is .376889.  When you subtract that from 1 you get .623111.  Divide that by .05 and you have 12.46221.

So then 50,000*12.46221 = 623,110.5171

So that's the lump sum you need when you retire.

And now you have to figure out how much you need to invest each year (at 5% compounded annually) to get to that $623,110.52 number.

The formula for that is:

ANN = FVA*i/(1+i)^n - 1

Again, i is .05 and n is the number of years you have to save, in this case 30.

By plugging in info you gave and the number we got above:

ANN = 623110.5171*.05/(1.05^30)-1

which gets us

31155.52586/4.321942375-1

which gets you

9378.7, which rounds to 9379

Sorry, don't have a financial calculator, but that's the thought process and the formulas...

Who is the protagonist and antagonist in the story "The Cask of Amontillado?"

There are only two characters in Edgar Allan Poe's classic short story "The Cask of Amontillado"--Montressor and Fortunato. But which one is the protagonist? By normal definition, the protagonist is the main character of the story, in many cases considered even heroic, but nearly always it is one that receives empathy or emotional support from the audience or reader. Technically, Montressor would be the protagonist, although most readers would not consider him heroic or a character worthy of their moral approval. This would leave Fortunato, by default, as the antagonist--the adversarial character in main opposition to the protagonist. However, most readers probably sympathize with Fortunato's fate--a response usually reserved for the protagonist. The ambiguity of the two characters is just another example of the brilliance of both the story and its writer.

What are the figurative device and literary devices in this poem ? This poem is very simple therefore its hard to find the figurative/ literary...

The simplest definition of figurative language is words/phrases that go beyond the literal (factual) meaning. It is often used in poetry to have a word/phrase represent something else. The most common are similes, metaphors, and personification.

A simile is comparison of two things using like/as. In the fourth stanza in the above poem the speaker states, "you do not cower when i approach though i am like a runaway train". The speaker doesn't mean she/he has physically morphed into a runaway train... instead it is being used to represent how this person feels so out of control. They must be so forceful like a powerful train, but yet off the tracks or without a course. Another simile in stanza 3 "i do not trust my hands which feel to me like stones" which could represent how heavy his/her hands feel making them unmoveable/stunned.

Another figurative device is a metaphor where two or more things are compared without using like/as. (This is often much harder to distinguish at first for students.) I see line 2 as a metaphor, "there are many lines you have not traced on my palms still." The lines in your palm are typically representative to your individual genetic make up. Your fingerprints and palm lines are unique and not duplicated in any other human being. So here I think the speaker is trying to say you have not walked in my shoes or lived my life as I have because the person he/she is speaking to can't duplicate his/her life experiences they are his/her own.

The literary device that is apparent in this poem would be the imagery the speaker uses. Imagery is the sensory description used (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell). In the second stanza, I can visualize the conversation between two people. One who "nods knowingly" almost as if they are patronizing the other person... and then there is our speaker telling the poem who is frustrated by this reaction. The visual continues again with "my head is full of blood" reminding me of the cliche phrase "seeing red" or being angry.

The imagery dramatically changes in the next to last stanza where the speaker talks of her daughter, "hold her in my arms singing soft words of comfort feeling her heart quickly beating against my chest". Instead of the vivid description of blood and runaway trains it has shifted to the tender quietness of the embrace of a child.

I want to know about HYDRO energy. 1. How it works? 2. How much supply? 3. Problems with HYDRO energy?

What is hydro energy has been made clear enough in previous two answers. So I will now write about how hydro power is generated, and some problem with hydro energy.

Hydro power is generated by directing water flowing with high speed, or under great pressure, or a combination to the inlet of a water turbine. This flow of water makes the water turbine rotate with great force and speed, converting the kinetic energy water velocity, and potential energy of water pressure in to mechanical energy delivered to the shaft of the turbine. The turbine shaft is directly coupled to a generator. The mechanical energy produced by the turbine is thus used to drive the generator which produces electrical power.

The water for generation of hydro-power is provided by rivers, which flow from places of high altitudes to places of low altitude. In this way the river water possesses potential energy that gets converted to kinetic energy as it flows down its course. To use maximum of the the potential energy of water that it possesses while it is at higher altitudes, the water may be directed from high altitudes to power generating stations located at much lower altitudes through artificially built ducts. Also the river water may be collected at higher altitudes in dams so that it can be used for generation of energy as required, rather than depending on natural inflow of water.

Cost of all these facilities increases the cost of construction of hydro power station much more than that of thermal power station of comparable generating capacity. However operating power of hydro power stations is less than that of thermal power station.

In spite of the heavy investment in constructing dams, it is usually not economically possible to make hydro power station that generate electric power at full capacity round the year. Therefore, capacity of hydro-power station is more likely to be used to meet additional peak requirements of power rather than the stable base requirements, 24 hours a day.

Apart form high capital cost and dependence on fluctuating and some times uncertain water flow, the major disadvantage of hydro power is that the such power stations have to be located where the water is available rather than where the electricity is required. Also the potential of generating hydro power by way of availability of water resources is limited as compared to availability of coal for thermal power stations.

What are some instances where Macbeth sounds like a witch? Such as when he he can't say "amen".

Here are a few more choice witchy morsels for you:

Stars, hide your fires;

Let not light see my black and deep desires:

The eye wink at the hand; yet let that be

Which the eye fears, when it is done, to see.

Ere the bat hath flown

His cloister'd flight; ere to black Hecate's summons

The shard-borne beetle with his drowsy hums

Hath rung night's yawning peal, there shall be done

A deed of dreadful note.

O, full of scorpions is my mind, dear wife!

Come, seeling night,

Scarf up the tender eye of pitiful day,

And with thy bloody and invisible hand

Cancel and tear to pieces that great bond

Which keeps me pale! Light thickens, and the crow

Makes wing to the rooky wood:

Good things of day begin to droop and drowse,

Whiles night's black agents to their preys do rouse.

For mine own good

All causes shall give way. I am in blood

Stepp'd in so far that, should I wade no more,

Returning were as tedious as go o'er.

Strange things I have in head that will to hand,

Which must be acted ere they may be scann'd.

It will have blood: they say blood will have blood.

Stones have been known to move and trees to speak;

Augures and understood relations have

By maggot pies and choughs and rooks brought forth

The secret'st man of blood.

What is a good thesis statement for how literature has enlightened me?

In his novel/autobiography, Black Boy, Richard Wright writes of how his reading took him to other environments and taught him greatly about the world.  Certainly, literature teaches moral truths to the reader, truths that the reader can apply to his/her life, truths that the reader understands are universal to all people.  There is no question that one who reads literature gains worldly knowledge.  How often has one read once of the classic and found him/herself understanding the reasons why some facets of life are as they are.

Choosing some moral truths that you have learned from novels, you can use these as supporting details for your thesis that one's knowledge of the world increases by reading literature.  Thus, through literature one becomes a citizen of the world.

Interestingly, there are studies that show that business leaders are turning to literature for instruction in character and in analysis of situations.  To read about this, see the site listed below.

How did urban life change during the Gilded Age? How did economic development affect residential patterns?Also, How did the middle class aspire to...

A period in history of USA comprising of about 50 years starting from late nineteenth century was that of rapid industrialization. This era was described by American author Mark Twain as “The Gilded Age” Referring to newly rich people this period. These people lacking in tradition tried to imitate the culture of wealthy Europeans. The culture of ordinary people of that era was, however, quite different. They enjoyed visiting fairs, circus, vaudeville shows, and sporting events. They enjoyed viewing in exhibitions the new products and machine reflecting America’s progress. After 1900 cinema also began attracting peoples interest.

This period led to rapid urbanization of America. The percentage of people living in urban area increased sharply from 25 percent in 1870 to 50 percent in 1916. But there was wast difference in the life of rich and poor. A small percentage of wealthy people lived life of luxury. A larger population of middle class people, which constituted of owners of small businesses, and people employed as managers in factories and businesses, lived comfortably. But a huge majority of poor people lived in extreme poverty in dismal and drab conditions. These poor people worked minimum 60 hours a week on very low pay (about 20 cents an hour) without any fringe benefits. They lived in overcrowded slums with very poor sanitary condition. Many children had to work as wages earned by adult members of the family was often not sufficient for subsistence of the whole family. Overwork, poor diet, and poor sanitation led to high rate of diseases and early death.

American farmers in this era were also not much better off as compared to the urban poor class. Although advances in farming techniques and farm equipments increased the farm outputs, a large portion of the gains of such improvement was taken away by middlemen including owners of railways, mills, and gins.

Why is Ponyboy's hair so important to him?

Ever since the beginning of the book, we have seen that Pony's hair is very important to him.  It seems that it is one of the main things that he values.

The reason that Pony values his hair so much is that it is a symbol of who he is.  It is his way of showing what kind of person he is.  As you know, Pony is one of the greasers.  The biggest thing that sets them apart from other people is the way they wear their hair.  It is like their symbol of who they are.

So, to Pony, cutting off his hair is like denying who he is and forgetting where he came from.

What allusions can be found in Patrick Henry's "Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death" speech? (Address to the Virginia Convention)

An allusion is a brief or casual reference to some famous person (real or fictional), quotation, work of art, or other such well-known thing.

In this speech, the allusions are mainly taken from the Bible, but there is also one from classical literature/mythology.

Some allusions in this speech (in order)

Song of the siren -- from the women who tried to tempt Odysseus and his crew to their doom.

Having eyes, see not... -- Mark 8:18

Lamp to guide my feet -- Psalm 119:105

Betrayed with a kiss -- Refers to how Judas betrayed Jesus by kissing him

Battle to the strong -- Ecclesiastes 9:11

For more explanation about allusions, check out this video:

A.) If the diver leaves the board with an initial upward speed of 2.90 m/s, find the diver's speed when striking the water. Answer in units of...

a)

The motion of the diver upward with a initial velocity of 2.9m/s.

Taking the motion directed upward as postive, the equation of mtion of the diver with initial speed u, and displecemnt s intime t is given by

s=ut-(1/2)gt^2., wher g is the gravitational acceleration and is equal to 9.81m/s^2 and u =2.9.

When the diver reches the water below 9m ,  s= -9m So the equation becomes:

-9 = 2.9*t-0.5*9.81t^2 0r

4.905t^2-2.9t-1.3864539 = 0.  We solve for t, time taken by the diver to reach the water.

t =[ 2.9 + sqrt(2.9^2+4*4.905*9)]/(2*4.905)

=  1.68207s

Therefore, the speed when he strike water = u-gt =2.9-9.81(1.68207)= -13.6011m/s

b)

The divers speed at 5.5 m above the water surface . So s = -3.5 m below the board.

-3.5= 2.9t- 4.905^2 or

4.905t^2-2.9t-3.5=0

t = 1.19057 s

v=2.9-9.81(1.19057) = -8.7795 m/s

In Hatchet, what happened when Brian laughed and called himself a "City Boy"?

Brian laughs at this because his transformation as a human being has dramatically changed. As mentioned in the above answer before me, Brian used to be a "city boy" because of his history and experience within the city. He would waste food, and not take full advantage of the resources around him. This is complete opposite thinking that he had in the wilderness. Instead of being given food and taking it for granted, Brian now had to earn everything, in order to survive. This type of experience that he went through, would be very life changing for any human being. Having to be placed in the complete opposite type of atmosphere, such as the one Brian was placed in, forces you to adapt and step outside your comfort zone. For Brian, this was a necessity for his survival, and when he laughed at the "city boy" reference, it put into perspective how much he really had changed. 

Short note on humanism.

One aspect of humanism can be summed up in the Latin phrase, "Ad Fontes." This basically means "back to the sources." Hence, humanism is a desire to go back to the classical world in literature, the arts, and other learning. This aspect can be seen in that the humanists went back to the Greeks and the Romans. In other words, they sought to cut through all the medieval traditions. This caused a flowering of culture and some would say that the humanist even surpassed the Classical world. Whether they did or did not, that is a matter of opinion. What matters is that humanism was a related to the classical world.

Describe Calpurnia as Scout depicts her in Chapter 1 of To Kill a Mockingbird.

Calpurnia is the faithful and beloved Finch family cook and housekeeper in Harper Lee's novel, To Kill a Mockingbird. Scout initially believes that Cal favors her brother, Jem, but she soon grows to understand and respect her much in the same way as her father, Atticus. She has been with the family since before the death of Scout's mother, and in addition to her duties around the house, Calpurnia exercises discipline, including keeping the two children from being too noisy during the last days of the dying Mr. Radley.

"There goes the meanest man ever God blew breath into," murmered Calpurnia, and she spat meditatively into the yard. We looked at her in surprise, for Calpurnia rarely commented on the ways of white people. 

Scout describes Atticus as playful and courteous, but "Calpurnia was something else again."

She was all angles and bones... nearsighted... she squinted; her hand was wide as a bed slat and twice as hard. She was always ordering me out of the kitchen, asking me why I couldn't behave as well as Jem... calling me home when I wasn't ready to come. Our battles were epic and one-sided. Calpurnia always won, mainly because Atticus always took her side... and I had felt her tyrannical presence as long as I could remember.

Based solely on Scout's narration from Chapter 1, we are introduced to "Calpurnia our cook." Where Atticus is described as "satisfactory" and "courteous,"

Calpurnia was something else again.

Nearsighted with a squint, the African-American Calpurnia is apparently quite thin; Scout calls her bony. She uses her large hands for more than just housework, because Scout has apparently felt their hardness across her backside. Cal is undefeated in her battles with the children, since Atticus always takes her side on the issues. She has held a "tyrannical presence" in the Finch home ever since Jem was born. Though she rarely "commented on the ways of white people," Cal calls their neighbor, Mr. Nathan Radley, "the meanest man ever God blew breath into." She spat when she said it. 

Why does Homer's father want him to work in the mine?"October Sky" movie

As in so many impoverished areas, Homer's town has basically one place where a person can work and make a living.  For Homer, this place is the coal mine. In a sense, the men in the town feel a sense of destiny about going to the mines; there is no choice.  Homer's father feels this destiny, and thinks that what Homer does with rockets is simply a waste of time.  In a sense, it is not that he wants Homer to work in the mines as much as he feels that Homer should just accept the way things are rather than having empty dreams that will leave him greatly disappointed.  That is Homer's father believes in the old adage,

Blessed is he who expects nothing,/For he shall not be disappointed.

But, inspired by his teacher who gives him hope, Homer tries for the Science scholarship that will launch him into college and the future for which he hopes.

What are some examples of colonialism in both Robinson Crusoe and Gulliver's Travels.I'm new here. I need some help for my diploma. I want to write...

Gulliver's travels & Robinson Crusoe are both novels which were written at the same period and they both had an accidents in the sea. They both were located in isolated islands and they met different kinds of people.

The two novels are different from each other in more than one way and I am going to present the differences in a number of points .

First of all , In Gulliver's travels the main character was a man called Lemuel Gulliver’s. he is a traveler and in each journey he had to come upon different cultures and different islands and countries . from  Yahoos to the Houyhnhnms , from the Brobdingnagians to the Lilliputians . He liked all his journeys and he experienced them by his own well .

Gulliver never tried to save himself by his wit or actions and in this way he is different from other stories that the characters try hard to skip their situations . Also , in Gulliver's travel there are a large number of characters because of all the different places he went through .this novel is a super fiction that can never happened.

The story of Gulliver's travels isn't actually a normal travelling story . it is a political satire in the form of an adventure novel. The writer was criticizing his society through the novel .

In the other hand . Robinson Crusoe is a story of a man who's ship crushed and he was left in an isolated land . he was religious man who believed that he will be found . he done everything possible to survive .

the character's in this story are countable because the novel focused on Robinson himself . Friday and the cannibals were the second characters.

 Also, The events were believable because The novel was based on a true story that happened in the past but the name of the character wasn't Robinson .

Finally, these are the general differences that I  came to  find in the both novels. Hopefully I am right because I've done my best to make it as  clear as possible.

Why does Thomas Paine state the words of the british directly?

It is not clear to me which particular article of "The Crisis" you are talking about.  There's more than one place where he quotes one British person or another.  With that in mind...

The best reason for Paine to be using the words of the British in his articles is because they actually help him make his argument.  When your opponent says something that helps you, it's better to quote his actual words rather than trying to paraphrase.  It makes your argument sound stronger and makes him look dumb because he's saying stuff that helps you.

So when he quotes Howe's words about the Congress, for example, they help him make the point that America does not need Britain or its help.

If you're talking about a particular quote and still need help, let me know...

I need help writing a letter of advice to George as to what to do about Lennie in Of Mice and Men.

Dear George,

An ambiguous question arises on whether you did the right thing by killing Lenny at the end of the story. Some people believe that you did it out of friendship, while at the same time others believe that you did it for his own personal needs. In my personal opinion, I would have to say that you killed Lenny simply out of love for his simple-minded friend. In support of my opinion, I have found many concrete facts throughout the novel that prove it is a legitimate theory. In the following paragraph I further describe my reasoning in depth.

The first reason that I believe you did the right thing was due to the circumstances that arose before Lenny’s death. At that time in the novel Lenny had just killed Curely’s wife accidentally because she had nice soft hair. When everyone found out, they immediately knew that Lenny had done it. So together, with the exception of you who left moments before, they set out in search of “their killer”. There is no question that their only motive was to kill him without a trial. My reason for this came right out of Candy’s conversation with you at the first murder scene. He said that “Curley gon’ta wanta get ‘im lynched. Curley’ll get ‘im killed.” Then George replied that Curley’s statement was right and that the other guys would go along with it.

The second reason for my option is based on the actual sequence of events that occurred at the Salinas Riverbank. When you got there, Lenny was frantically yelling. For he believed that you was “gonna give ‘im hell”. Lenny kept on using the same phrase that he “should go off and live in a cave somewhere”. This is evidently not logical because you knew that Lenny could not have survived on his own, especially when an angry mob was chasing after him. Therefore, instead of yelling at him you actually did the opposite. Even though you tried to make Lenny happy in his last moments of life. You told him to look across the Salinas River and imagine what he was saying. You then started once again to tell the story of there shared dream. The dream of "liv’in of the fata of the land". As you did this you then brought up the gun and shot Lenny in the back of the head.

This sounds cruel, but in reality George had an extremely hard time before and after this principal event. Steinbeck wrote that your hand "shook violently as [you] pulled the trigger". It only makes sense to me that if you really wanted to kill Lenny for his own needs it would not have been so hard for him to do so. In addition, you would not have given it a second thought, but he did. For right after it happened “[you] shivered and looked at the gun, and then through it away from him”. Meaning that you wanted nothing with the gun, and that you could not bear to keep it in his possession any longer. Then, even moments later when the mob arrived you were still shaking and looking at that same hand. In my option this only could mean that you were still shell shocked for what you had just done.

Therefore, in conclusion I one again state that you did the right thing by killing Lenny. I hope that I made it clear that your act was the only humane thing to do, given the situation. Yes, it would have been nice if he could have hidden Lenny and possibly sent him on his way. As we all now, there was absolute no time for that. For just as you finished his act, the first signs of the angry mob arose.

What are three purposes for satire and three methods used by satirists to achieve their purposes?

I will do the best I can to answer your question, but it sounds like the kind of thing that comes out of a specific textbook (which, of course, I don't have access too : )  I say that because it sounds like the kind of question where three "purposes of satire" were given (probably in bold text) with explanations underneath.

The problem is that I can only think of one purpose for satire, but lots of ways it is handled.  The purpose of satire, as far as I know it, is to take the shortcomings of a person, group, or society and make a comment on them using various (often comedic) methods.  The idea of the satirist is that these shortcomings need to be addressed and changed and by poking fun at them he/she hopes to change the audiences mind about them.

First, types of satire:

Horatian: This is the kind of satire you see in shows like "The Simpsons" which poke fun at people (and society's) foibles.  It means to do so light-heartedly and without really offending too many people.  It is common in today's culture.

Juvenalian: This is more of satire "with barbs."  It is not meant to be playful or funny but rather to satirize something by showing more directly its underbelly.  "Animal Farm" is a good example of this...darkly satirizing society.

The satyrist has many tools at his/her disposal.  Sarcasm plays a great part in this type of writing, but exaggeration, juxtaposing the issue with another like it, and "double entandre" are all viable weapons for the writer to make use of.

The main point of satire, though, is to make an "end run" around the audience and get them to accept a message, through sarcasm, parody, or whatever, that they otherwise wouldn't probably consider or accept.

Can I get a summary and analysis of Patriotism by Yukio Mishima?

In the 1930s, Japan's civilian government was constantly under pressure from radicals in the military who wanted the military to have greater power and also wanted to use the military for imperialistic purposes.  One of the more famous episodes in that continuing struggle was the 1936 mutiny.

"Patriotism" is set during that mutiny.  Shinji Takeyama (I am putting the names in the first name first order that Westerners use) is a soldier whose unit is part of the mutiny.  He has not been taken into their confidence and so is not part of it himself.  However, he cannot bear the idea of attacking fellow soldiers whose ideals he shares.

Instead, Takeyama commits suicide, along with his wife Reiko.  In doing so, he lives up to the ancient ideals of Bushido.

What was the impression(s) that the Native Americans formed of the Europeans?Chapter 1, First Encounters: The Confrontation Between Cortes and...

At first the Native Americans thought the Europeans were welcomed guests.  Soon however the Natives realized that they were intruders meant to take their land and resources.  The Europeans infected the natives with disease.  Hundreds of thousands of natives died as a result of these diseases.  The Europeans and Natives in almost every encounter started out as friends but ended up enemies.

In short, the Natives didn't understand the Europeans.  They learned of Christianity, and the lessons that go with the religion.  But they didn't understand the people, that on one hand spoke of love, while the other hand was raping, murdering natives and stealing their land.

What is Annemarie Johansen's uncle's name from the book Number the Stars?

Annemarie Johansen's uncle is named Henrik.  He is Annemarie's mother's brother.  Uncle Henrik is a fisherman and has a house in the far northern part of Denmark.  From the edge of the meadow which is part of his property, one can see across the water to Sweden.

When the Nazis occupy Denmark during World War II, it is not long before they threaten the lives of the Jewish population there.  The Danish people rally around their Jewish neighbors who must flee for their very lives, taking them in, feeding them, clothing them, and hiding them at great risk to their own well-being.  An organized Resistance movement springs up among the Danish people, and it is so effective that it is able to save nearly the entire Jewish population in Denmark, smuggling them across the sea to Sweden.  It is this movement in which Uncle Henrik is an active participant.

When the Nazi threat becomes too great, Ellen Rosen is first taken in by the Johansens, and masquerades as their daughter Lise, who reputedly had died in an accident.  When the Nazis become suspicious, Mrs. Johansen takes her daughters Annemarie and Kirsti, as well as Ellen, to her brother Henrik's house.  There, the girls learn that Henrik is working to help transport the Jews out of Denmark and into Sweden.  Ellen and her parents are among those whom Uncle Henrik takes in his boat across the water to safety.

In Frederick Douglass's "What to the slave is the fourth of July?" what does he say the effect of slavery has on white people in the north?

One of Douglass' critical points in the speech is the idea that America has become desensitized to its hypocrisy.  For Douglass, this is what has become of White citizens in the North.  A nation that eloquently articulated the condition of freedom against the British failed to acknowledge the same in the issue of slavery:  "Would you have me argue that man is entitled to liberty?  That he is the rightful owner of his own body?  You have already declared it." Given this reality, American citizens, especially those in the North, have lost a level of sensitivity to the issue.  In the regaling of freedom in the 4th of July, Douglass suggests that American citizens have little ground to celebrate freedom, while the institution of slavery still exists.  What is experienced by Northern and White American citizens cannot be experienced by those who are of color in America:

I say it with a sad sense of disparity between us. I am not included within the pale of this glorious anniversary! Your high independence only reveals the immeasurable distance between us. The blessings in which you this day rejoice are not enjoyed in common. The rich inheritance of justice, liberty, prosperity, and independence bequeathed by your fathers is shared by you, not by me. The sunlight that brought life and healing to you has brought stripes and death to me. This Fourth of July is yours, not mine. You may rejoice, I must mourn. To drag a man in fetters into the grand illuminated temple of liberty, and call upon him to join you in joyous anthems, were inhuman mockery and sacrilegious irony.

In this particular quote, Douglass sees the Fourth of July as an opportunity to awaken the moral conscious of White Americans as they celebrate the spirit of independence, in hopes of expanding this enfranchisement of freedom to all of America's children.

What is the significance of the fire in Edgar Allan Poe's story "The Black Cat"? There's a symbolic phenomenon that I don't seem to understand.

The fire itself in "The Black Cat" is not immensely significant, but its effect is.  On the very night that the narrator hangs his once-beloved cat Pluto, his house catches on fire.  The entire house with the exception of one wall is destroyed.  When the narrator approaches a crowd gathered around the remaining wall, he notices that a figure on the wall, almost as if an artist had created it, is drawing their attention.  He states that it is

"the figure of a gigantic cat. The impression was given with an accuracy truly marvellous. There was a rope about the animal's neck."

The strange phenomenon is simply that one wall remains which bears a striking, supernaturally created image of a hanging cat.  The narrator sees this incident as his dead cat pointing him out from the grave, and it causes him to slide further into his insanity.

As a side note, the fire adds to Poe's hell motif in this story.  His first cat bears the name of the god of the underworld, and the fire creates a sense of certain damnation for the narrator's actions.

I'm writing an essay on how Rahim is a better father then Baba and I can't think of a conclusion -- any suggestions?

The earlier response is correct. We cannot help you with any specific.  Certainly, you need to restate your thesis, and when I say "restate," I mean say what your main idea is in a different way.  I have found that some students think that a restatement of the thesis should be in the exact same words, but that is what you do not want to do!

Of course, a conclusion, like any other paragraph, must be more than one sentence long.  Therefore, you need to know what else should or can be included in a conclusion.  You should have a review of the points you made in your essay.  For example, if I had three body paragraphs in my essay,  I would review the three points I made in those paragraphs.  Sometimes a conclusion contains a lesson that the writer has learned in the process of writing.  For example, in the case of your particular topic, you might now have greater insight into what makes a father good or bad. 

Remember that the conclusion is meant to wrap things up for the reader and end the paper in a graceful way, not too abruptly.  Just as an introduction is meant to allow the reader to become acquainted with your ideas, the conclusion is a way of saying goodbye to the reader.   

I have included a link to a site that has good advice on writing introductions and conclusions.  Good luck! 

Write down the start and stop codons. How many amino acid could be coded for neglecting start and stop codons?

There is 1 codon for "start."  It is AUG, which is the amino acid Methionine.

There are 3 "stop" codons. They are UAA, UAG, and UGA. 

A 3 base code could specify a maximum of 64 amino acids, so 64-4 start and stop codons = 60 amino acids COULD be coded for.  However, there are only 20 amino acids, so most amino acids have more than one sequence that codes for them. (example: The amino acid serine can be coded for with AGU or AGC).   

When scientists were trying to figure out the code, they at first thought that each base coded for an amino acid, but with only 4 bases, 4 X 1 = 4 would only code for 4 amino acids.  If the code was 2 bases 4 X 4 = 16 it could only code for 16 amino acids, which is still not enough.  With a 3 base code 4 X 4 X 4 = 64, which is more than enough to code for the 20 amino acids.  George Gamow is the name of the man that came up with the idea of the 3 base code.     

What did Darnay tell Dr. Manette on the morning of his marriage in A Tale of Two Cities?

On the morning of his marriage to Lucie Manette, Charles Darnay reveals to his father his true identity.

Charles Darnay is a decendant of the Evremondes, an aristocratic family in France notorious for their oppression of the common man.  Before he had been imprisoned, Dr. Manette had had dealings with the Evremondes, and had witnessed their unscrupulousness firsthand.  While in prison, the good doctor had written a letter, telling about his experience and denouncing the family, and all their descendants, "to the last of their race" (Book the Third, Chapter 10).

Before Darnay begins his courtship of Lucie, he asks her father for permission to pursue his daughter.  He tries to tell Dr. Manette his true identity at that time, and to explain why he had fled France and changed his name, but Dr. Manette is insistent that he not do so until the morning of his wedding to Lucie, if things should so work out (Book the Second, Chapter 10).  Things do indeed go well, and on the morning of his marriage to Lucie, Darnay, true to his word, spends a considerable amount of time in conference with Dr. Manette, and when they emerge from their discussion, Dr. Manette is "deadly pale" (Book the Third, Chapter 18).  Although it is not directly stated, the reader gets the sense that Dr. Manette has known all along that Charles Darnay is a decendant of the dreaded Evremondes, but to actually hear his suspicions confirmed would be too much for him.  Dr. Manette loves Lucie more than life, and for her happiness resolves that

"if there were any fancies, any reasons, any apprehensions, anything whatsoever, new or old, against the man she really loved - the direct responsibility thereof not lying on his head - they should all be obliterated for her sake".

In other words, Dr. Manette knows that Darnay is an Evremonde, but he also knows that Darnay does not share in the family's notoriety, neither in action nor in spirit.  For his daughter's sake, he makes the supreme effort to not let Darnay's ancestry stand in the way of their courtship and eventual union.  Dr. Manette, whose psyche is extremely fragile as a result of his long imprisonment, only lacks the strength to endure hearing what he knows in his heart about Darnay's identity confirmed, and so to prevent anything from standing in the way of his daughter's potential happiness, puts it off until the wedding day (Book the Second, Chapter 10).

What does the conversation with Red Sammy contribute to the plot of "A Good Man is Hard to Find"? Is it part of the complication or the conflict?

    During the family's drive to Florida in the Flannery O'Connor short story, "A Good Man is Hard to Find," they stop at Red Sammy's Famous Barbecue restaurant. Red Sammy is an amiable good ol' boy with a monkey for a pet, an overhanging belly and a propensity for small talk. He orders his wife around, but she doesn't seem to notice (nor does the family).
    The conversation with Red Sammy seems as out-of-place as many of the other events that happen in the story. Sammy's appearance seems to be partly out of necessity--the family didn't pack a lunch, so they must stop somewhere for lunch--and partly as a symbol to further illustrate the title. Red Sammy may be friendly and talkative, and he may even make a mean BBQ (the grandmother fails to comment on this), but he is not a particularly good man. When his wife shows worry about The Misfit making an appearance at their eatery, Red Sammy shushes her away.

    "That'll do. Go bring these people their Co' Colas," and the woman went off...

Of course, it is Sammy who makes the comment

    "A good man is hard to find," Red Sammy said. "Everything is getting terrible. I remember the day you could go off and leave your screen door unlatched. Not no more."

Bailey and his family finished their meal and drove on. Red Sammy and his wife would lock their door that night and remain safe from The Misfit and his gang.

In Chapter 4 of Jane Eyre, why is Jane more outgoing and open with Bessie after her victory over Mrs. Reed, and how does Bessie respond?What do...

After Jane rebukes Mrs. Reed for lying about her, she states that she "enjoyed my conqueror's solitude":

Something of vengeance I had tasted for the first time, as aromatic wine it seemed....

Even though Jane feels some "after-flavor, metallic and corroding" that gives her a poisoned feeling, she realizes that to apologize to Mrs. Reed is "the way to make her repulse me with double scorn...." With this new-found strength, Jane is more assertive with Bessie, saying, "Come, Bessie!  Don't scold."  Jane narrates,

The action was more frank and fearless than any I was habituated to indulge in:  somehow it pleased her.

Obviously, Bessie is impressed with Jane's defending herself.  She promises to have tea with Jane and treats her with great kindness.  When Jane assertively tells Bessie, "...you must promise not to scold me any more till I go,"  Bessie agrees and instructs her,

'Well, I will:  but mind you are a very good girl, and don't be afraid of me.  Don't start when I chance to speak rather sharply:  it's so provoking.'

'I don't think I shall ever be afraid of you again,...but I shall soon have another set of people to dread.'

'If you dread them, they'll dislike you.'

Thus, Bessie reinforces the lesson that Jane has just learned in her encounter with Mrs. Reed:  People will treat one in the manner that one allows them to.  Since Bessie already knows this lesson, Jane does not bother to tell her about the incident with Mrs. Reed.  In addition, little Jane is so happy to receive affection that she does not wish to spoil her happiness by taking a chance on telling Bessie what has occurred: "Even for me life had its gleams of sunshine."

A wall clock shows the time as 12hr.15mts. Then what will be the angle between the two hands of the clock?

To calculate the angle between the hour angle and the minute angle when the time is 12hrs 15 minutes.

This is a time and motion problem.

Let us take 12 o'clock as reference point, when both hour and minute handle make zero angle. The angular speed of the minute handle is 360 degree/60 minute =6 degree per minute and that of the hour handle is 360 degree/12 hour = 360deg/(12*60) minute = 0.5 dgree minute.

So every minute, the minute handle has  the relative angular speed  of (6-0.5) degree with reference to the hour handle.

Therefore, the relative angular motion of the minute handle with respect to the hour handle after 15 minutes past 12 o'clock is (6-0.5)*15 =  82.5 degrees. In other words, the angle between the hour handle and minute handle at 12 hour 15 minutes is 82.5 degrees or 82 degree 30 minutes.

In the play Oedipus Rex, is Oedipus a blameless victim of his own ignorance?Or is he a victim of his own bad choices and pride? Explain.

Many students get off topic when they discuss Oedipus' fate using events that happen before the play begins.  This leads to simple determinism and fatalism, not to mention mere plot summary.

STICK TO EVENTS IN THE PLAY.  If you do, I think you will find that he has a choice.  The play can be read existentially this way, in that humans always have (or should be given choices) regarding fate.

Remember, Creon says, "who seeks shall find; who sits with folded hands or sleeps is blind."  Oedipus seeks and chooses to find the truth regarding his past.  He chooses to be angry at Creon, at Tiresias, and then at himself.  He chooses to be arrogant.  He chooses to act swiftly in his role as judge, jury, prosecutor, defendant.  He chooses not to be blind to his past.  He chooses to blind himself.  He chooses not to suicide, like Jocasta.

The fact that his present choice to not be blind to his past leads him to uncover a series of past blindness does not mean he is a victim of fate.  Good choices can uncover bad ones.  This is the dramatic arc of irony, tragedy, and absurdity.  It makes no sense, but Oedipus chooses to accept it anyway and lives with dignity nonetheless.

That Oedipus accepts his choices and not his fate is what makes him, according to Camus (the great absurdist philosopher and author), an absurd hero.  So says Camus:

Thus, Oedipus at the outset obeys fate without knowing it. But from the moment he knows, his tragedy begins. Yet at the same time, blind and desperate, he realizes that the only bond linking him to the world is the cool hand of a girl. Then a tremendous remark rings out: "Despite so many ordeals, my advanced age and the nobility of my soul make me conclude that all is well." Sophocles' Oedipus, like Dostoevsky's Kirilov, thus gives the recipe for the absurd victory. Ancient wisdom confirms modern heroism.

If you stick to the play (and not the events preceding), and focus on the moment Oedipus realizes that he has ironically obeyed fate through a series of bad choices, then you will realize that he has victory over his fate, the gods, determinism, and death.

What is the exposition in Act I, Scene 1?

In literature, the exposition is defined as a passage where we are given the background to the story that is about to unfold.  Given that definition, you can probably tell that the exposition in this scene comes in the conversation between Horatio and Marcellus.

In this conversation, they go over what is going on in Denmark during this time.  They discuss how the late King Hamlet had defeated the Norwegians and how now the new king of Norway was going to attack Denmark.  This is the background to the story that is still to come.

In a sense, you can also say this is exposition in that it sort of tells us (though not explicitly) that something is wrong in Denmark.  This sets us up for the story of Gertrude and Claudius and Hamlet's dislike of their marriage.

In "A Separate Peace" how was the war literally moved onto the Devon campus in chapter 13?

In this chapter, war is a reality in the boys' lives, and that reality comes home, literally, as troops move onto their campus.  In a war, there are so many different branches, divisions, and areas that are necessary to function well; behind the scenes of the battles and the front is an army of messengers, communications, mechanics, and other technical and mechanical necessities.  The division that gets put onto the Devon campus belongs to "The Parachute Riggers," or the division of the war that takes care of making parachutes for all of the troops that are dropped into war zones from planes.  They also train troops on how to use the parachutes correctly.

The first thing that Gene and Brinker notice is that the entire division hauls in what appears to be sewing machines.  It's not the first thing that you think of when you see troops, or think of war, but, as Gene puts it,

"I guess a Parachute Riggers' school has to have sewing machines."

Someone has to sew the large swaths of fabric together to make the parachutes, and use the machines to patch and repair any damages to the chutes.  With the machines come the troops, the drill sergeants, the war songs that the troops sing, the Jeeps and machines of war.  They look out their window and literally see the implements of war at their doorstep.  The war is no longer an ambivalent, distant force that might influence their lives, it is a reality, and it will, in the end, impact all of their lives in one way or another.

I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!

What is the plot structure of the story "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge"?the exposition, rising action the climax etc.

The story structure is dramatic because it goes between three different realities--the present, the past and what is happening only in the main character's mind. The reader is confused which is real and which part is only in his mind.

At the beginning, before the reader sees the man actually being hanged, the past is introduced to the reader, as a sort of backstory. The backstory is set up in such a way as to elicit sympathy from the reader because the man was only a civilian who really wanted to help in the army but couldn't.

Next in the plot, when the the structure returns to the present, it appears as though the man escaped, which adds drama to the story because at that point the reader doesn't know it was only in his head. (Not until the end does it becomes apparent that he was only dreaming.)

At the beginning, a man, (Farquhar) is on a railroad bridge waiting to be hanged. He cannot move because his hands are tied and a noose is around his neck.

There are two different scenes on either side of the stream--one side is a forest and the other is a forte. This contrast is the writer's foreshadowing. It shows a contrast between freedom and war. The forest represents freedom and the fort represents war or death.

Soldiers form a line between the bridge and fort, all armed. When the captain gives a signal, a man will step off a board which will tilt down, and Farquhar will fall down to the stream between the boards and will hang.

The man Farquhar tries to think about his family but the sounds nearby become so loud he cannot think. He imagines how he could escape.

The story structure changes at that point to show the reader his past, that lead to him being hanged.

He was a Southern plantation owner who could not serve in the army. He wanted to however so when he met a Confederate soldier one night who stopped at his plantation he asked some questions about the war. The soldier told him that they were working on the railroad near Owl Creek Bridge. The Yankee commander said that anybody, even a civilian who tried to stop the building of the bridge would be killed. Later the soldier went by the plantation again,working as a scout for the Union Army.

The story structure comes back to the present as Farquhar falls between the railroad ties into the stream. He is unconscious. He regains his consciousness and splashes around in the stream. He realizes that the rope broke. He first goes to the bottom then comes up again and gets the ropes off his wrists. He takes in some fresh air and everything in sight crystallizes. He can see everything in sharp contrast--the fort, the soldiers who are pointing at him. A bullet almost hitting him.

He takes a dive missing a lot of bullets aimed at him. He comes up out of the water and he is downstream. A canon is fired but the forces of the water just push his out of harms way.He runs through the forest all day long and discovers a road that leads to his plantation.

He is walking, miraculously, even though his tongue is all swelled up and he is totally exhausted. His wife meets him on the porch.

He reaches out to embrace her, and feels an intense blow to the back of his neck. Farquhar suddenly sees bright white light and then there is only blackness. He is dead. His body is swinging from Owl Creek bridge.

What are some of the major themes of The White Tiger?

One of the major themes in The White Tiger is the complexity beneath national progress.  Balram narrates the story from a time when financial and industrial progress sweeps India, but while rich men get even richer and technological advances take over the country, poverty still lines the streets.  When Balram becomes the driver for Mr. Ashok, he is privy to the business conversations that occur in the backseat between Mr. Ashok and his brother, the Mongoose.  Balram soon learns that the family deals in bribery to run their business, and the family's success is a microcosm for what is happening in the country at large.  Balram understands that as long as he continues to work for such a family, he will forever remain in a lowly position.  This is in part what makes him long to become an entrepreneur.  Ironically, Balram's success comes as the result of murder, and he enters into the cycle of complexity that leads to progress.

How are Susie's dreams in heaven different from the ones she had on earth in The Lovely Bones?This question relates to the book The Lovely Bones...

Alice Sebold nicely marks the answer to your question by a line that vividly stands out in the text:  "These were my dreams on Earth."

Namely, Susie's dreams on earth often focus on high school.  Susie imagined herself at Fairfax High.  (I guess it should be noted that where Susie lives and in her time, middle school involves 7th-9th grades, high school only 10th-12th.)  Susie mentions that, when she got to high school, she would insist on being called "Suzanne."  Susie goes even further about her earthly dreams:

I would wear my hair feathered or up in a bun.  I would have a body that the boys wanted and the girls envied, but I'd be so nice on top of it all that they would feel too guilty to do anything but worship me.  I liked to think of myself--having reached a sort of queenly status--as protecting misfit kids in the cafeteria. (16-17)

As her dreams go on, they become a bit more idealistic with Susie overtaking high school "in a matter of days" and ending with Susie earning "an Oscar for Best Actress my junior year."  Generally, though, they are simple dreams.  They are normal dreams.  They are dreams snuffed out in one brief moment.

Susie's dreams in her heaven exist on two levels.  First are the dreams that become real.  Susie says it best:  "We had been given, in our heavens, our simplest dreams" (18).  The high school had no teachers.  Susie only  had to attend art class.  The books at the school were only teen and fashion magazines.

As Susie learns more her "heaven expanded" to include more of her dreams becoming real. 

Our heaven had an ice cream shop where, when you asked for peppermint stick ice cream, no one ever said, "It's seasonal"; it had a newspaper where our pictures appeared a lot and made us look important; it had real men in it and beautiful women too, because Holly and I were devoted to fashion magazines. (20)

But this section ends with the dreams that Susie CAN'T have in her heaven.  She comes to a sort of epiphany here:

I could not have what I wanted most:  Mr. Harvey dead and me living.  Heaven wasn't perfect.  But I came to believe that if I watched closely, and desired, I might change the lives of those I loved on Earth. (20)

Ah, . . . and it is this last sentence that clenches the dreams-becoming-reality of the rest of this wonderful novel, The Lovely Bones.

What is the rising action, falling action and climax in The Secret Life of Bees?

In the rising action of the story, we learn of Lily's mother's death as viewed through the eyes of a four year old child. Lily's miserable life with her father leads her to rely on Rosaleen, her black cook/housekeeper/nanny, for the only friendship and affection in her life. Lily accompanies Rosaleen to town so Rosaleen can register to vote soon after the passage of the Civil Rights Act. An encounter with three racist white men leaves Lily and Rosaleen in jail. After Lily is released, Rosaleen suffers another beating at the hands of the bigots. Lily breaks her out of the hospital where the jailer sends her for treatment of her beating injuries, and they run away to the only place associated with her mother, Tiburon, South Carolina. There the two women are taken in by the Calendar sisters to help with beekeeping and daily chores. Lily knows there is a connection between the sisters and her mother, but she bides her time waiting for the right moment to ask the oldest sister, August, about her mother Deborah. Zach is a young man who helps with the bees, and Lily gradually begins to fall in love with him despite their different races. Zach is arrested and jailed for an incident in which he had no part, but he would not tell the officers what really happened. May commits suicide, no longer able to shoulder the miseries of the world. Lily finally opens up to August and asks about her mother, and August relates the whole story.The climax occurs when T.Ray tracks down his runaway daughter and tries to drag her back home. The Calendar sisters side with Lily. The falling action occurs after T. Ray leaves without Lily, and the Calendar sisters take her and Rosaleen in permanently. Lily will attend school there, and Rosaleen finally registers to vote.

Comment on Muriel Sparks' handling of time in 'The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie'.

In The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie, Muriel Sparks handles time in accord with modernist and postmodernists approaches. These contradict traditional conventional approaches to time. The convention relating to time in traditional novels is to present time as a chronological event. In modernism and postmodernism the chronology becomes broken and fragmented to reflect individuals' experience of time in their private thoughts (thoughts may jump from 1952 to 2021 in the space of a few minutes or even seconds). For modernists and postmodernists, fragmentation of time causes discontinuity. This discontinuity effects the development of character as well, leaving characters fragmented along with time.

Another element that Sparks uses from the approaches of modernists' and postmodernists' approach to time is to have events from the end of the time period the novel covers break into the "present" narrative. This is not by means of conventional foreshadowing whereby an event is hinted at for perceptive readers to pick up on and to give the "feeling" of impending turns and twists in events to any reader. Sparks has the future break in to the present in actual scenes and conversations. A clear example of this is when Brodie's former students, one by one, speak about Brodie from a distant time, as with Sandy speaking of her after she has become a famous psychologist and author. This technique is called a flash-forward. Sparks also uses flashbacks, a technique people are more familiar with as it is more commonly used to tell a back story (frequently seen in movies). In flashbacks, events prior to the commencement of the novel's chronological tale intrude into the story to give details relevant to understanding the subject of the novel.

It is interesting to note that traditionalist novelists like Tolstoy would call future events into a present narrative by way of "framing" as Tolstoy did in The Death of Ivan Ilyich, but in contrast with modernists and postmodernists, Tolstoy used a future frame to establish continuity, whereas modernists and postmodernists use the future and the past to create discontinuity. Incidentally, the major distinguishing feature separating modernists from postmodernists is that the former mourn the fragmentation and discontinuity of life and experience (e.g., Virginia Woolf) whereas the latter celebrate the fragmentation and discontinuity of life and experience and seek to exploit it and utilize it seeing as how it can't be gotten rid of (e.g., Sparks).

What is the critical appreciation of the poem where the mind is without fear by rabindranath tagore?

'Where the mind is without fear' is the 35th no. in Tagore's English 'Gitanjali'. 'Gitanjali' means 'song-offerings', and this is one such song--a prayer to God, the Father.

The poem was written when India was under British colonial rule, struggling for freedom. But for Tagore, freedom was more than merely political; it was to be truly spiritual. The present poem reads like a prayer for that spiritual freedom.

True freedom means liberation from the shackles of fear.  The head 'held high' is a manifest posture of that liberated mind.

The whole world of man must be re-integrated; narrow, parochial walls fragmenting the world are to be demolished for achieving this holistic oneness.

Words must issue forth from 'the depth of truth'; that is to say, language shall have to be liberated from the half-truths and lies of expediency.

Untiring efforts should be directed towards the goal of perfection.

Reason is like a 'clear stream', the transparency of which should not have been swallowed up by outdated and irrelevant customs--'the dreary desert sand of dead habit'.

True freedom lies in the mind which is always led forward by the universal mind of the Father into 'ever-widening thought and action'.

Tagore prays for 'that heaven of freedom', seeks the grace of the Father, to be awakened to a new spiritual consciousness.

The poem combines patriotic zeal with fervent spritual longing. The urge for political freedom is enhanced and tranformed into a moral-intellectual freedom of the mind. The poem is also remarkable for its simplicity of diction and images.

A firm in perfect competition won't increase its output without limit even though it can sell all it wants at the going price. Why not?

A firm in perfect competition does not increase its output without any limit although it can sell all it wants to at the going prices, because at some point the incremental per unit variable cost of procuring and selling the product is more than the going price. This results in reduction in the firms profit with increase in sales beyond the optimum sales volume.

Perfect competition or no perfect competition, no firm will increase its output or sales without out limit. First and foremost it is impossible to do so. Without limit means infinite, and no firm can increase its output and sales to such high levels. Further, if a firm was able to produce economically quantities equalling or exceeding the total market equilibrium quantities, the market will no longer remain a perfectly competitive market, because in such a situation, a single firm will be able to influence the market supplies and prices.

The quantities produced by any single firm operating in any type of market, competitive or otherwise is determined by the marginal cost and marginal revenue curves applicable for the firm. Typically the marginal cost curve of a product for any firm is a U-shaped curve. This mean the marginal cost is high at lower volumes and reduces as volume increases till it reaches a minimum marginal cost. When the output is increased beyond this point, the marginal cost begins to rise. In general, the firms in competitive market reach the point of the minimum marginal cost at a sales which represents a small fraction of total market demand. In comparison, the monopolistic firms are likely to have the point of minimum marginal cost, at output levels near to or exceeding the total market demand.

All firms produce ans sell at levels where the marginal cost for the firm equals the marginal revenue. This is the level at which the firm maximizes it profits. If a company exceeds this  level of output. The differential cost of production will be less than the differential revenue. This will lead to reduction in its profit.

Dicsuss the themes.Love,Pain of Love,Madness,Self Deception,Illusion and Reality in the twelfth night also the title of the play as theme and...

Oh dear! how can all these issues be dicussed within the ambit of a single answer? However, let me try at least some of them:

1. Theme of Love: Twelfth Night is a Romantic comedy of love in which we find Orsino's modish & sentimental love for Olivia, long pursued and never returned; Viola's love for Orsino is very genuine and modest love silently nurtured by Viola in the guise of Cesario; Olivia falls in love with Cesario at the first sight and gets engaged with Sebastian because of confusion born of mistaken identity. Olivia's steward, Malvolio is seduced by Maria into an illusory love with the Countess.

2. Pain of Love: Viola loves Orsino, but disguised as Cesario, she suffers the pain and pangs of love. Olivia too feels the pangs of love because her passion for Cesario is never going to be fulfilled.

3. Madness: While Orsino's prolonged infatuation for Olivia has an element of absurd sentimentality in it, Olivia's steward Malvolio is gulled by Maria and other mischief-makers into a make-believe world of love's fancies, and finally imprisoned in a dark chamber as a mad man whom the clown teases in the guise of the curate, Sir Topas.

4. Self-deception: Duke Orsino's love-lorn state is a glaring example of self-deception. He seems to be more in love with the idea of love, and prefers to remain sentimentally engaged in music, hunting, lamenting and idling. Malvolio, believing Maria's letter to be true, deceives himself to have been raised to the position of the Count. His confinement in the dark chamber symbolically testifies to his lack of self-knowledge.

5. Title: Shakespeare wrote the play on the occasion of the twelfth night, and the play has a reference to 'cakes and ale' typical of the occasion. Romance and love, Feste's songs, fun and humour, disguise & mistaken identity allude to an atmosphere of festivity.

Hope this brief note shall be of some use.

How did the Puritans define guilt,sin,crime, and adultery? What characterized Puritan religion and government?

The Puritans can be described in the following way:

1. They were mostly Calvinist. This basically means their theology was from the insight of the Protestant Reformer John Calvin.

2. Puritan theology emphasized things such as sin (total depravity of man), God's grace in salvation, and the importance of the mortification of sin.

3. They also moved to America to created a community of God that would be a light on a hill to bless the world.

4. Within this society, morality was important and immorality would be shunned both religiously and socially.

5. Adultery was seen as a serious sin and a person could easily become a social outcast.

6. Finally, in terms of government, some may have believed that the proper government should be a theocracy, but many other believed in a separation between church and state. George Whitefield would be an example.

Read the play "Trifles" by Susan Glaspell and answer the following question.What does Mrs. Hale mean when she says "We all go through the same...

Mrs. Hale say this toward the end of the play.  Here's the surrounding conversation:

MRS. PETERS. I know what stillness is. (Pulling herself back). The law has got to punish crime, Mrs. Hale. MRS. HALE (not as if answering that). I wish you'd seen MInnie Foster when she wore a white dress with blue ribbons and stood up there in the choir and sang. (A look around the room). Oh, I wish I'd come over here once in a while! That was a crime! That was a crime! Who's going to punish that?

MRS. Peters (looking upstairs). We mustn't--take on.

MRS. HALE. I might have known she needed help! I know how things can be--for women. I tell you, it's queer, Mrs. Peters. We live close together and we live far apart. We all go through the same things--it's all just a different kind of the same thing. (Brushes her eyes, noticing the bottle of fruit, reaches out for it.) If I was you, I wouldn't tell her her fruit was gone. Tell her it ain't. Tell her it's all right. Take this in to prove it to her. She--she may never know whether it was broke or not.

MRS. PETERS (takes the bottle, looks about for something to wrap it in; takes petticoat from the clothes brought from the other room, very nervously begins winding this around the bottle. In a false voice). My, it's a good thing the men couldn't hear us. Wouldn't they just laugh! Getting all stirred up over a little thing like a--dead canary. As if that could have anything to do with--with--wouldn't they laugh!

The "thing" or "things" are essentially "trifles" according to men, but are now important things to women: "lack of community," "inequality," a kind of "universal suffering" in marriage.  She says, "We live close together and we live far apart," which is to say women are publicly together but privately apart once in marriages, like birds in cages.

Mrs. Hale uses this very subtle speech, which is very pre-feminist in its tone, to convince the others to suppress the evidence.  This is Mrs. Hale's closing argument to the "jury of her peers" (the title of the play in short story form).  Mrs. Peters' verdict is to take the bottle.

The women effectively decide that they do not want her to be tried in a male court of law.

In A Doll's House, what in Krogstad's first appearence on stage, and in Dr Rank's remarks about him, indicate that the bank clerk is a menace?

In the first scene of Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll’s House, we are given a few clues that Krogstad’s character is a menace.  When Krogstad first comes on stage, we see that his appearance makes Nora very uncomfortable.  In a strained whisper she asks why he has come to see her husband.  When Krogstad answers that it is only about his position at the bank, we see that Nora seems relieved.  All of this indicates that Nora and Krogstad share some sort of secret together and that Krogstad holds some sort of influence over her.  Plus, when Dr. Rank first speaks of Krogstad, he calls him “morally diseased” [Act I], which also helps to indicate that Krogstad is somehow a menace

Do you feel that society today places limitations on what women are capable of? Why or why not? Relate to themes in "A Room of One's Own" by...

It is quite true that traditionally the roles of men and women in society were segregated quite clearly. These division of role between men and women was a part of the general pattern of division of labour which has been a great blessing and help in technological and human progress. Unfortunately the nature of division of labour between men and women became too rigid and continued to persist when it was no longer appropriate.

The in ital division of labour between men and women was primarily influenced by the child bearing role of women and their lower average physical strength. While these differences in characteristics have not changed, their importance in decision of labour has become only marginal. For most important jobs today, the most important requirement is mental capacities which is same for men and women. Also with changing technologies and social structure, women are not tied down to the home to the same extent for performing their child bearing role. Also, changes in economic structure and culture, have greatly reduced the importance and need for domestic duties. In this way, most of the jobs today can be performed equally well by men or women. For some jobs the gender continues to affect performance. For example some precision assembly jobs can be performed better by women because of their thin fingers. Similarly, men are better suited for jobs involving heavy manual labour.

In spite of this change in the reality of women being equal to men in their ability to perform most of the jobs they continued to face difficulty in first getting employment and then in advancing in such jobs because of two reasons. First, women were not encouraged to acquire the education and skills that are needed to do many jobs. Secondly there was a cultural resistance from society against women performing many of the jobs performed by men. This resistance came not only from men, but also from women. Women, disapproved other women trying to take up such jobs, describing them as unladylike. Also within an organization, dominated by men, women found it difficult to be accepted as a member of informal groups of employees tat form within every organization and which play an important role in effectiveness and advancement of individual employees.

However situation has improved considerable over a period, and today in most of the industrialized economies, the handicap placed by women has all but disappeared. Ascendancy of so many women across the world occupying senior most position in government and business, including as prime ministers of countries and chief Executives officers of large corporation is a testimony to this fact.

I am not saying that there are no difficulties faced by women. All that I am saying that these difficulties are no longer serious enough to be a significant barrier for women with a little determination.

What is the narrator's "immediate purpose" in writing his "most wild yet most homely narrative" in Poe's "The Black Cat?"

Without question, my favorite story by Poe. Like so many of his stories, Poe seems to be toying with his audience. Sort of mentally "winking" at us as he pens his words. For Poe (and in The Black Cat), the cat he finds at the bar doesn't simple "follow him home." Instead, the cat, "evinces a disposition to accompany me." Are you kidding me? This is great stuff if read as intended.

It's not until the story has ended and the narrator has taken us along on his fantastic journey that we get the answer to your question. Let me ask you this? What do you think might be the narrator's "immediate purpose" is writing this story?

I'll wait.......

O.K. now that your done. Think about what it was that the narrator did. What tormented him. What he was driven to do. His punishment? And his atonement? The end of the story has the author about to go somewhere. But before "leaving," he must first clear his conscience. Hence the motivation of this story for the ages.

Medical issue: which are routine tests for loss of sensitivity?

Sensitivity is the property of a portion of the nervous system to receive, transmit or charge excitations. After reception territory, they differ: the shallow sensitivity (stimulants come from the external environment and act on the body surface) or deep sensitivity  (stimulants come from internal organs, muscles). By their nature, are distinguished: elementary  sensitivity, tactile, thermal, painful, epi critical.

Routine analysis including complete blood count, a summary of urine, biochemistry, antinuclear antibody titre, serum protein electrophoresis, VDRL's, chest x-ray, X-ray spine. The discovery of an apparent sensory loss is a good reason to consult a neurologist. If one is not available, the analysis depends on the body that is affected.

If they are  involved only the lower extremities, they have made computed tomography and MRI lumbar spine. Driving speed nerve diganostic procedures are completed.

If they are involved both the upper and lower extremities, it is required MRI of the cervical spine. MRI of the cervical spine is not very precise. Nervous driving speed must be measured also.

If the face has been involved, it must be made a tomography and MRI brain. Skull radiograph is useful only when they suspect a skull fracture.

Carotids and emerging vessels  angiography are very useful in evaluating cerebrovascular disease.

If peripheral neuropathy is suspected it has to be made specific analysis.

If multiple sclerosis is suspected, spinal puncture is helpful to confirm the diagnosis. A spinal puncture is useful in the diagnosis of syphilis that reaches the central nervous system.

If pernicious anemia is suspected it has to be made dosage of folic acid and vitamin B12 and possibly Schilling test.

Guillain-Barre syndrome is diagnosed by examining the cerebrospinal fluid that will show a marked increase in protein compared to cells numbers.

Syndromes such as carpal tunnel syndrome incarceration, incarceration of ulnar nerve or tarsus tunnel syndrome  are diagnosed by studying the nervous driving speed.

An Electroencephalogram sleep-waking can diagnose complex partial seizures. Sometimes the combination of Myelography
 and computed tomography is better than MRI.

What is tax evasion? Can I go to prison for cheating on my taxes for 30 years? I used to underfile by hundreds of thousands of dollars and have...

This is called Tax Evasion. Tax evasion is illegally avoiding paying taxes, failing to report, or reporting inaccurately. The most common one is failing to report cash income. The government imposes strict and serious penalties for tax evasion.

This is the section that you need to pay close attention to: Failing to file a tax return: This is a misdemeanor and can result in a maximum prison sentence of one year and/or fines totaling up to $25,000 for each year for which no return was filed.

After researching this is what I have come up with: Federal statutes carry a five-year prison term for each count of tax evasion. The penalty for false statement counts was three years each.

What are Mr. White's motivations, traits, actions, and reactions in the story "The Monkey's Paw?"

This is actually a pretty big question with a lot of parts...what you are really asking for is a character analysis of Mr. White.  I'll try to point you in the right direction, but you are going to have to put the pieces together yourself : )

MOTIVATIONS: Mr. White is sort of your "average guy," one who seems to enjoy his home life and the simple pleasures it brings.  He seems to like being a good host, as evidenced by his treatment of the Major.  When given the chance to make his wish, he isn't sure what to wish for...

"I don't know what to wish for, and that's a fact," he said slowly. It seems to me I've got all I want."

He seems a little interested in proving the monkey's paw to be a fake, but mostly he is motivated by preserving his family and his cozy way of life.

Traits: He seems to be a rather rational man who is not taken to superstition.  Still, he also understands when he has been given adequate "proof" of something to change his mind:

"I dare say," said Mr. White, pouring himself out some beer; "but for all that, the thing moved in my hand; that I'll swear to."

"You thought it did," said the old lady soothingly.

"I say it did," replied the other. "There was no thought about it;"

He has a thin grey beard, showing his advancing age.  He is not as emotional as his wife (as seen by his forethought to undo the second wish, while his wife was willing to go through with it) and therefore proves himself to be a reasonably logical thinker.  Despite this, he is also a person who can be influenced by others...he doesn't want to wish his son back alive, but does so at the insistence of his wife.

Also, notice the way that he forces money on the Sgt. Major for the monkey paw, even though the man says he doesn't want it...that's a bit of honor at stake, there.

ACTIONS: Mr. White's actions are the most important ones in the story:

• The Sgt. Major is his friend to begin with, allowing for the events of the story to take place,


• He is the one who asks about the paw,


• He is the one who saves the paw from the fire,


• He is the one who makes all the wishes,


• He is the one who sends Herbert "back."

The other characters are not nearly as "active" when it comes to driving the plot.

REACTIONS: Mr. White reactions are based more on logical thinking than those of his wife.  He reacts to the Sgt. Major's monkey talk with skepticism, along with his first wish.  But notice the way he reacts to the movement of the monkey paw in his hand.  He understands evidence when he feels it and is not convinced by the others that he imagined it.  White reacts to situations with more control and forethought than his wife.

Hope these ideas help, and you can put them together with some of your own to create a coherent character analysis.

What are the characteristics of essential womanliness in Viola's character?

One of the themes that turns up in much of Shakespeare's work is the idea of the heroine as the hero, for example, as in Much Ado About Nothing and As You Like It. Therefore, when considering the question of "essential womanliness" in context of Twelfth Night, Shakespeare's stance on what comprises womanliness needs to be considered along with social norms.

Viola demonstrates essential womanliness in accord with ideas of social norms by being loving, gentle, devoted, loyal, kind, compassionate and understanding. Whether she is Viola, the twin sister of the supposedly drowned Sebastian, or Cesario, the male page to Duke Orsino, she has these womanly qualities though as Cesario the page, they sometimes take a different manifestation. For instance, when Cesario/Viola is sent by the Duke to present his love message to Olivia in an act of devotion and loyalty Cesario/Viola stands at the door of Olivia's home and persists until he/she is granted entrance.  

This behavior illustrates Shakespeare's aforementioned theme of the heroine as the hero. Cesario's/Viola's behavior shows the relationship between essential womanly loyalty and devotion and what is thought of as essential masculine persistence and determination, thus revealing them to be the same quality, thereby expanding the conception of essential womanliness and underscoring Shakespeare's oft repeated theme presenting the heroine as the hero.

From whose point of view is "The Giver" told?

Technically speaking, it is written in the third person since events are narrated using the pronouns of 'he,' 'she,' 'they.' However, often the storyteller crawls into Jonas' brain, so to speak, and relates his thoughts not spoken aloud to others.

If such were the case of all the characters, this would be called the third person omniscient point of view. However, insight into one's thoughts is limited to the character of Jonas, - except of course when the Giver imparts to him a memory.

Levels of conflict are both external and internal in this story, and a lot of what "happens" is on a purely mental basis.  You could even create a second plot line if you wanted to, tracing the changes in Jonas' mind-frame from the beginning to the end. It is interesting that the crisis moments are not when something happens but are rather when Jonas actually decides to think and act for himself.

What is market penetration?

Market Penetration means:

1. In a large sense, the conquest of the market and deepening it's contacts, by gathering the necessary market information and training market with merchandise, prices, distribution, advertising and other means to promote exports.

2. The narrow sense, the extent to which a particular company uses market potential in a given area of movement of goods (for example, the share of sales in a market, in one year).

Efforts to penetrate the target markets concern: critical requests and extend to current needs, demographics, geographic location, seasonal cyclical trends.

Market penetration follows the steps: markets division, the number of customers,geographic covering, rational estimate of the market.

What are some quotes in the novel A Thousand Splendid Suns that demonstrate the strength of women surviving an unforgiving time?Important...

At the end of chapter 39 in Khaled Hosseini's A Thousand Splendid Suns, Laila must endure a caesarian section because there are complications with the birth of her daughter.  The Taliban has taken away all antibiotics and pain killers from the women's hospitals.  Mariam holds Laila's hand while the doctor performs the surgery:  "Mariam would always admire Laila for how much time passed before she screamed."  Although this quotation is directly related to Laila's physical strength and perseverance, it is symbolic of the inner strength that Laila possesses.  She recognizes that she is in this position because the men in the Taliban have ordered her life as a woman to a realm of suffering.  Outwardly screaming shows the body succumbing to this suffering.  Laila holds out for as long as she can as a way of protesting her situation.  Therefore, in this moment she shows a tremendous amount of inner strength.

Why is a watershed important?definition- a watershed is the name for an area of land in which water drains not a specific river.

This question is a little vague...

I guess that the most obvious reason that a watershed is important is because the conditions in the watershed to a lot to determine the health and quality of the body of water where all the runoff from the watershed ends up.

For example, the Mississippi River watershed (there's a big one) has a lot of farming.  Because of this, it has a lot of agricultural chemicals in its runoff.  These chemicals have caused a huge dead spot in the Gulf of Mexico.

I hope that's the sort of thing you're asking.  It's not very clear to me...

What are the views of Edward Said on imperialism, colonialism and the emergence of English as expressed in "Orientalism"?I am looking for...

Edward Said had a bumpy start in the British school system where prodigy is intended to be tempered by discipline and order. Said's genius only led him to contradict his instructors on fine points like at what time of day Shakespeare should be read. This controversial introduction of a young Said, born in Israel, raised in Egypt, educated in England, to the fundamentals of the power structure of England shaped the rest of his life and his academic contributions.

Said took an old concept called Orientalism and redefined it and applied it to the literature of England to both explore and confirm his assertions that English literature of the 19th century was imperialist literature that helped to both define and bolster Imperialism built upon colonization. One of Said's fundamental assertions is that knowledge, being equal to power, always either intentionally or unintentionally serves the purposes of the "imperialist complex." The very silence on the topic of slavery in Jane Austen's novel Mansfield Park is interpreted by Said as defining and supporting imperialistic slavery.

Said further contends that whether politicians, colonizers or authors state a derogatory description of colonized people or state a complimentary description, they are in fact confirming that these colonized people are irrational, backward, ignorant people who are fit only to be conquered and ruled. This creates a critical dilemma in Said's theory because he implies that knowledge, held only by the powerful and the conqueror, can only represent what the imperialist sees and so no non-Western culture can ever be rightly understood by a Western culture, an assertion that can be turned back against him.

Said's assertions and the critical problems they contain are summed up in his idea that imperialism is a discourse and not an event in history. Further, this discourse is on-gonig regardless of the occurrence of the historic end of colonialism and imperialism. This discourse continues, in Said's theory, the Us/Them distinction that creates the dichotomy of the "Other," which stifles and withholds the realization of justice and equality for the Other.

To hear Edward Said deliver a speech about his views, you can listen here to MP3 or here to YouTube.

Need some facts on the fungal organisms (Aspergillus) that cause Aspergillosis?Answer the questions below regarding the fungal organisms called...

Aspergillus is known as forming a group of fungi, aspergillus group, from where, as about 20 species from the approximately 185 contained by the group, are the basis of opportunistic infection in human.  

The type of fungus cell is eukaryotic, but  presents important differences from the rest of eukaryotes. One of the important difference consists in the structure of the fungus wall, which, unlike the other eukaryotes( where contains cellulose and pectin), contain chitin. Chitin is a polyssacharide, and could be seen as cellulose but with one hydroxyl group. Chitin has bee recognized as being an efficient provoker of the defending mechanism in plants.

Aspergillus, being a fungus, presents the peculiar way of vegetative growing, namely hypahe. Aspergillus have septate hyphae.

Having hyphae, it results that aspergillus is a multicellular organism, because only unicellulars (yeasts) doesn't have hyphae!  

What is the role of nature in the book The Scarlet Letter? Is it human nature to sin?

The word "Nature" has a Romantic double-edge to it in Nathaniel Hawthorne's famous novel The Scarlet Letter. It refers to the nature outside as well as human nature or the nature within. The two complement each other throughout the novel quite beautifully. The flower and the prison-house, the gardens of the minister's house, the jungle and the river where Hester and Arthur meet are all instances of a quasi-pastoral discourse of country-nature. Hester's hut located right at the heart of it. The jungle scenes with the supernaturally portrayed Pearl have an unearthly aura about them and the intimate moments between Hester and Arthur there have an Adam-Eve feel to them. Sin (as in Original Sin) and the resultant moral Fall of man is the central theme of the novel. the country-nature is like a healing touch in the process of atonement.

On the other hand, the scaffold scenes with all the public noise set a contrastive tone for the urban world, scarred with humiliation, devaluation, conspiracies and groupism. The tendency towards sin as in the Christian framework is seen as intrinsic to man. The stimulus without and the lineation within make up the condition of sin. But as the "A" of adultery turns into the "A" of atonement for Hester, we are encountered with the human endurance, the ability to suffer and the overcoming of sin through repentance and authentic feeling e.g. the real love shared by Hester and Arthur.

What are the common characteristics of the ages and poets that had developed acheivements during their ages & their acheivements?I have been...

This question has me just a tad confused, but there are some commonalities through the ages of English poetry from Old to Restoration that I might mention as a springboard for more clarity. To start with, from Beowulf onward, it was a common practice to write from borrowed sources. Beowulf was written from an oral tradition with elements of Christianity superadded. Chaucer borrowed from poets like Petrarch and Boccaccio, an example of borrowing from Boccaccio being Troilus and Criseyde (also later borrowed by Shakespeare).

There was a belief throughout these poetic eras that poets and poetry were divinely inspired and reflecting of spiritual truths of right and goodness that the poet described for people whose souls longed to attain to these truths. This is the mimetic theory begun with Aristotle and later described by Philip Sidney and exquisitely put into practice by Edmund Spenser. Along with this was a commitment to artistic or poetic language that was "elevated" beyond the vocabulary and construction of daily converse. This commitment held sway until Wordsworth overturned it with Lyrical Ballads during the later era of Romantic poets.

Structurally, English poetry from the Old English period through to the Restoration has always made use of tropes, language that is used figuratively, not literally, like in metaphor, simile, personification, oxymorons. Another structural element common through the ages right to the present poetic age is the importance of the pause in English poetry. The pause, though often overlooked, is integral to establishing rhythm in English poetry, as Beowulf demonstrates by way of the caesura.

Why does Scrooge like the darkness in Stave One of A Christmas Carol?

Scrooge's office is dark because he constantly tries to save money in being stingy with candles and coal. But Dickens is also using a classical binary opposition (light/dark) to symbolize good/evil. Binary oppositions have been a staple in most movements of literature: Male/female, Public/private, Light/dark, Majority/minority. (With the emergence of Modernism and particularly Postmodernism, these oppositions began to be questioned and deconstructed as a result of the inequality of privileging one term over another - such as Male/female.) 

So the binary opposition is something theorists have used to note symbolism but also for purposes of criticism. In this case, the use of light and dark to symbolize good and evil is a classic, traditional technique; not some unfair privileging of light. Therefore, Scrooge, being evil or indifferent, is associated with the darkness. Those expressing love and joy are associated with light. Note the description of Scrooge's nephew in Stave One. He is joyful; therefore, associated with warmth and light:

He had so heated himself with rapid walking in the fog and frost, this nephew of Scrooge's, that he was all in a glow; his face was ruddy and handsome; his eyes sparkled, and his breath smoked again. 

Just as light symbolizes goodness and darkness symbolizes evil, warmth is synonymous with love, cold with hate. Since Scrooge hates the joy associated with Christmas, he hates the bright attitudes associated with it. He thinks such boisterous behavior is silly and pointless because it profits no money. By opposition, he prefers "his usual melancholy tavern." Scrooge's attitude reflects his surroundings (and vice versa). He is cold (unfriendly) and prefers a quiet, hard-working man to one who is bright, cheerful and sociable.