An allusion is a brief or casual reference to some famous person (real or fictional), quotation, work of art, or other such well-known thing.
In this speech, the allusions are mainly taken from the Bible, but there is also one from classical literature/mythology.
Some allusions in this speech (in order)
Song of the siren -- from the women who tried to tempt Odysseus and his crew to their doom.
Having eyes, see not... -- Mark 8:18
Lamp to guide my feet -- Psalm 119:105
Betrayed with a kiss -- Refers to how Judas betrayed Jesus by kissing him
Battle to the strong -- Ecclesiastes 9:11
For more explanation about allusions, check out this video:
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