What are the moral and ethical dilemmas regarding Genetic Modification?

This will be a topic with much in the way of divergence of thought.  One such challenge with genetic modification is the idea that the power to "play God" and assume a higher authority role is a distinct possibility.  If one can engineer genetic code for one reason, then the blurring of the lines to continue this process can ensue.  This can lead to genetic and eugenics experiments gone awry.  At the same time, genetic engineering can lead to a great many improvements in the lives of human beings and can also result in cures for ailments and conditions that cause challenge to many.  The costs and benefits are each very compelling, causing a great deal of debate, discussion, and a sense of "unresolvedness."

What do you believe is a major world issue today?Give supporting information, who are their sources?

Climate change has to be a big issue. Governments are talking about it all the time, but are some of these announcements good political moves or are they real concerns. We all know that governments ( and i am not singleling out any political party) issue statements at times to make maximum impact or when they will help their cause in the next election. If, our largest form of co2 emissions are from  car use, then why do we not help cities who can come up with a idea that will reduce their emissions.  For example, if a city came  up with a plan to improve transport around their city, which would remove all unauthorised vehicle's from their town's, and provide safe and regular public transport for it's worker's and it's visitor's, then the government could subsidise the cost of this work, this would be expensive but if our world is in this bad state, surely in the long run it would be money well spent.

The reasons this will never happen is that this would cause a lack of private cars needed, hence, putting the auto mobile industry in jepody, or would it just get these companies to produce a mass produced alternative car, quicker. I expect that the car manufacturers have large amount's of money invested in the oil industry and so they do not need fossel fuel  to be a thing off the past until it is all gone and they have made as much money out of it as they can.

Populations are growing, more land for houses are needed, more jobs are needed, we throw more on to land fill sites, all of these things and others need more land, so we are building on sites that we need left as they are, so that areas can flood and not cause damage, the more we use these areas up the more damage floods will cause. There are a very small amount of people who are dedicated to making changes, every little helps but there are a large amount of people who not care, because we have been told so many times before that if something isn't done about an issue we will all pay dearly, only to be told 20 years later that the infomation we were given was not correct.

Over many years we have been told we are wasteing  our resourses, so we have insulated our home's better and turned down our thermostats and used less gas and electricity, yet i dought if any of us are getting lower fuel bills.

Even the government does not want the auto industry to produce a car that runs almost free, because they would lose a large amount of revenue from fuel, but they would not worry for too long because they would get the lost revenue from another source.

What is the evidence in Hamlet's meeting with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern that he can see through people's dishonesty?

There's plenty of evidence that Hamlet knows from the start that his school friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern can't be trusted. When he first sees them coming he says of the two, "These tedious old fools!"

So right off we know he's not all that fond of them. And after some pithy exchanges, Hamlet asks the duo:

But in the beaten way of friendship,

what make you at Elsinore?

ROSENCRANTZ:

To visit you, my lord; no other occasion.

HAMLET:

Beggar that I am, I am even poor in thanks; but I

thank you; And sure, dear friends, my thanks are too dear

a halfpenny. Were you not sent for? Is it your own inclining?

Is it a free visitation? Come, deal justly with me.

Come, come! Nay, speak.

GUILDENSTERN:

What should we say, my lord?

HAMLET:

Why, anything, but to the purpose. You were sent

for; and there is a kind of confession in your looks, which

your modesties have not craft enough to colour. I know the

good King and Queen have sent for you.

He's on to them and none too pleased. With friends like that...

He finishes talking to them with this cutting little speech, which no doubt leaves them with open, silent mouths:

HAMLET:

Why, look you now, how unworthy a thing you make of me! You would play upon me; you would seem to know my stops; you would pluck out the heart of my mystery; you would sound me from my lowest note to the top of my compass; and there is much music, excellent voice, in this little organ, yet cannot you make it speak. 'Sblood, do you think I am easier to be played on than a pipe? Call me what instrument you will, though you can fret me, you cannot play upon me.

Ouch!

What do you think prompted Mama's decision to give the quilts to Maggie instead of Dee?

Mrs. Johnson wants Dee to be the next matriarch in the family.  She wants her to be like Big Dee, Grandma Dee, like herself--strong-willed, self-sufficient.  Maggie, after the house fire, feels like she has no purpose, no everyday use.  Mama wants to give her a purpose, a use, in the quilts.  Mama gives her the quilts as a way of acknowledging her past and her pride in her heritage, home, and the "everyday use" of heirlooms.

The quilts are emblems of living history.  They are like what other family's might give in terms of inheritances, wills, land, etc... except that quilts tell stories.  They are multi-generational; they are the by-products of hard work and sacrifice.  The maker of the quilt is not ashamed of her poverty, her slave past.  She does not forsake the quilt by hanging it on the way.  She honors it by using it and giving it to another who will use it.  By this means the quilt remains a quilt, as it is used as it was originally intended to be used.

The same is for culture and heritage.  Mama knows Maggie, unlike Dee, will honor the culture and heritage by using it, or continuing it the way it was originally intended.  Dee is too mobile, too outspoken, too fickle, too possessive of material objects to be a legitimate matriarch of the family.

In Chapter 7 of 1984, what bothers Winston the most, along with the sense of nightmare?

I'm not sure there is a single answer to this.  I would suggest that Winston sees a part of him, the greedy, selfish youth who took his sister's candy for himself and ran away.  Besides being a selfish act, it is the last time he saw his mother and sister, although he does remember his mother protecting his sister, perhaps against him.  Selfishness is probably part of youth; as you get older, there are often regrets about our selfish acts, particuarly, I would imagine, if we acted that way in our last contact with someone we loved.

Perhaps, and here's where I am "guessing," Winston has a foretaste of the selfishness that is going to lead him to denry Julia in the end.  Toward the end of the chapter, Winston and Julia admit to each other that the party will break them, but that the party will never be able to make them stop loving each other.  Could Winston already have understood that self-interest could make one do almost anything?  I doubt that this happens on the conscious level, but it may be there bubbling under the surface.

And in the end, he is right.

What problems did the settlers of the Plymouth Plantation face?Specifically, what did they face on their voyage and during the "starving time?" ...

In his history of the Plymouth Colony, William Bradford writes quite dramatically, and often movingly, of the voyage on the Mayflowerand the settlers' first winter in the new land. The voyage over "fast and furious seas" was dangerous and miserable. Many of the Pilgrims suffered from seasickness, and they also endured the hateful taunting and verbal abuse of some of the rough sailors who made up the crew. One of the Pilgrims, a young man named John Howland, was swept overboard but was saved and brought back onboard the ship.

A terrible situation developed about halfway through the voyage when one of the main beams cracked, making it very uncertain that the ship could complete the voyage. Temporary repairs were made, and the ship sailed on, sometimes meeting with violent storms that forced them to drop the sails and drift helplessly in the ocean.

When they finally landed, their misery continued. The winter was fierce. The people stayed aboard the ship, trying to survive on the rations that were left. They had not taken food to prepare for being stranded during the winter. In the section of his history called "The Starving Time," Bradford writes that in two or three months, at least half of the Pilgrims had died, sometimes two or three a day--of starvation, scurvy, and other illnesses. Out of more than 100 Pilgrims, barely 50 lived. Those that lived also were terribly sick. At one time, only six or seven were well enough to care for the others.

In March, the Indians finally made contact with the settlers. Samoset, who spoke broken English, came first. He told them of Squanto, another Indian who had actually been to England and spoke English well. Squanto stayed with the Pilgrims at Plymouth for the rest of his life, acting as their teacher and guide. He taught them how to plant corn and where to fish. He also was "their pilot to bring them to unknown places for their profit." Bradford considered Squanto "a special instrument sent of God."

During that first spring, Chief Massasoit and the Pilgrims made a peace agreement that had lasted 24 years when Bradford wrote his history. Without the assistance of these Native Americans, the Plymouth Colony most likely would have perished.

How has the Holocaust affected the children of survivors?

I can answer this question based on personal experience as well as knowledge about the Holocaust. The Holocaust was the intentional incarceration and slaughter of Jews, Jehovah Witnesses, Gypsies, Homosexuals, persons with disabilities, and other persons not considered to be ethnically appropriate.  It occurred under the rule of Adolph Hitler and the Nazi party and was enforced through the German army and its allies. It was used as ethnic cleansing.

The horrific details that went into the annihilation of the Nazi's victims was profound and has had a long lasting effect on survivor's children. The survivors brought with them nightmares and stories about the atrocities of the era: people being beaten in the street, having to wear a star on their clothing, all rights evoked, no ability to attend school, starvation, but most of all the witness of the deaths of millions of Jews and other groups disliked by the Nazis. The fear the survivors experienced during their ordeal did not leave many of them even after the war ended.  For others the guilt at not being one of the dead was too great a burden to bear.  In many cases people were left with continued feelings of shame and inadequacy.

Survivor’s children witnessed the drama of the war through the eyes of their parents.  The war became as real for them as it had been for their parents.  As survivors suffered mental illness due to Post Traumatic Stress Trauma their children found themselves without their parent in the home or having a withdrawn parent.  Some children listened to stories retold over and over as their parent/parents tried to ensure that the events would never happen again.  From my own parents I received awareness that there was an urgency that I was to change the world for the good.  The responsibility to change what survivor parents could not was passed down to the next generation.  Other survivors shared little with their off spring about the war but kept it hidden inside.  However, the emotional trauma emerged in other ways.

Many people lost loved ones in the ghettos, sealed off areas where they housed large quantities of Jews, in concentration camps, on the streets, and through war.  Children of Holocaust survivors were raised with limited family connections and for some this led to feelings of isolation.  Other children experienced highly dysfunctional lives as their family members tried to cope.  Many children of survivors, like myself, I have learned that they also experienced personal trauma through their family member's response at trying to cope after the war

On a more solid note, may of the survivor's children have become strong adults that have firm values against genocide and ethnic cleansing.  A value of fairness, compassion, and protection of others has been ingrained into many of the survivor's children's psyche.  While no two persons handle experiences the same, there have been many links that survivor’s children have experienced.  Some of the most significant reactions have been the sense of loss for relatives never having been known, feelings of severance from a part of their parent that was taken away by the situation, emotions distorted by parental perspectives that did not coincide with the perspectives of those not having lived through the Holocaust experience, and a strong need to live life to the fullest.

What is "the abyss" to which Paul fears his thoughts will lead in All Quiet on the Western Front?As Paul stands guard over the Russian prisoners,...

The "abyss" to which Paul fears his thoughts will lead is the conclusion that the war which has destroyed his life and the lives of all his friends is based on a fallacy, in which case the sacrifices of his generation will have been for naught.

Paul and his classmates had been pushed to enlist by their teacher and other older men of that same generation.  They had been told that they are the "Iron Youth", that war is glorious, and that they have a duty to fight for their illustrious country.  Not knowing any better, the boys have given in to the pressure and been sent to the front lines in the German army.  Once there, Paul and his friends discover that they had no idea about the true horror of war.  One by one their lives are destroyed, and those who survive are irrevocably changed.  A whole generation is rendered rootless and without hope, unable to ever to return to their lives as they remember them.

To make things worse, as Paul performs his duty of guarding the Russian prisoners, he is aghast at how much they are like him and the people he has known.  He sees that

"they have faces that make one think - honest peasant faces...they ought to be put to threshing, reaping, and apple picking.  They look just as kindly as our own peasants in Friesland". 

Once Paul begins to see the enemy as individuals sharing the same humanity, he starts to question the very basis of the situation which requires them to face off as hated opponents and kill each other.  He thinks,

"A word of command has made these silent figures our enemies; a word of command might transform them into our friends.  At some table a document is signed by some persons whom none of us knows, and then for years together that very crime on which formerly the world's condemnation and severest penalty fall, becomes our highest aim.  But who can draw such a distinction when he looks at these quiet men with their childlike faces and apostles' beards...we would shoot at them again and they at us if they were free".

Paul's thoughts frighten him because he has begun to question the very nature of war in all its absurdity.  Deep down he realizes that such thinking can lead only to the conclusion that war is senseless, and the waste of his life and that of his generation has been for nothing" (Chapter 8).

What do the boys have that is the symbol of authority in the society they form?this question is a question out of the book Lord of the flies

It is important to consider whether it is the conch itself that holds the authority to speak - or whether the right requires something more (personal integrity, a natural sense of leadership/authority of one's own?)

After all, remember it is actually Piggy who first finds the conch, yet it does not do him any good in terms of creating influence or charisma - although he is an ideas man. It is Ralph who gets a sound out of the conch by blowing it like a trumpet - and Ralph who has all the others listen to him,albeit with Jack hard on his heels.

It seems that the conch didnt confer power on just anyone who held it-it didnt have any magical properties - the authority it 'gives' is something we have put onto it as a symbol.The conch comes in, and goes out, with Piggy.

According to supply and demand is the minimum wage good or harmful as a law?

The wording of the question is some what confusing. Perhaps what is implied that "whether according to law of demand and supply, minimum wages are good or harmful for an economy". Before, I get down to even answering this question some clarification should be made about some popular misconceptions about laws of demand and supply in economics.

There is no single universally applicable law of demand and supply in economics. There are several different laws of economics dealing with demand, supply, and prices. One law says that quantity demanded of a product increases as price is reduce. Another law says that quantities offered for supply decreases as the price reduced. A third law says that an a market the price of a product or service stabilize at a price at which quantity demanded equals quantity offered for supply. There are many other laws which explain impact the of other factors like utility, cost, and nature of competition on demand, supplies and prices. Further is should be noted that all these laws make some assumptions which may or may not be true. Also there are some exceptions to the rule. For example quantity demanded of some prestige goods may actually increase with increase in price.

What is popularly called the law of demand and supply by laymen, is usually an indirect reference to the concept of the invisible hand, first propounded by Adam Smith in his book Wealth of Nations first published in 1776. As per this concept in a competitive market, the mechanism of market price that affect the demand and supply in a market, ensures that combined effect of individual behavior of consumer and supplier in the economy pursues the selfish goal of maximising personal benefits, leads to maximizing the benefit for the whole society. This is a very old theory which no longer represents the ultimate and final opinion of economists. This theory assumes the existence of a perfect market which does not exist in reality, and therefore is not valid in practice.

Imposition of minimum wages, which is just an instance of a wider policy of fixing floor prices of goods and services is now a commonly accepted practice for protecting some interest of some specific groups in society. This is considered not only to ensure more equitable division of income among different sections of society but also to promote long term growth and prosperity of economy as a whole.

While some economist may be opposed to minimum wages in principle. Most of the economists accept the need for minimum wages under some conditions.

Why can Shylock can be considered the villain of The Merchant of Venice?

In a world in which Bassanio and Antonio can be vain and foolish and absurdly pledge to pay a debt, taken from a man whom they persecute and despise and unfairly treat with physical and verbal abuses, by the extraction of a pound of flesh, then an enraged Jewish moneylender can be cast as the villain. Is this a just position in which to cast Shylock? Unfortunately, yes, because of two things. The first is that he asks for a forfeit repayment that is against the law. Second is that he violates his religious faith.

Shylock knows full well that cutting a pound of flesh from a man will kill or grotesquely maim him. He also knows full well that such a contract is a violation of the law of the land. He also knows full well that a court battle would be required to permit him to carry the contract out and that, since it violates the law in the first place, it is highly likely that he would lose his court suit.

Shylock's faith of Judaism prohibits revenge. The Pentateuch Books of the Laws (a portion of the Old Testament) clearly state that revenge belongs to G-d and that Jewish people are not to seek revenge. King David often beseeches G-d in the Psalms to take revenge against David's enemies because he himself may not, must not. Yet Shylock designs the contract of forfeiture precisely for revenge. This is confirmed in his soliloquy in which he states that a Christian's first response to an offense is revenge, therefore his response to accumulated offenses will be revenge; he will follow the Christians' lead.

Shylock pays dearly and ironically at the end of the play for abandoning his faith and adopting Christian practice (which, incidentally, is also a violation of Christian faith). Shylock's legal punishment when he loses his case in court includes a mandatory conversion to the Christian faith, anathema to Shylock.

Compare and contrast the characters of Gabriel Conroy and Michael Furey in "The Dead" by James Joyce.

Michal Furey loved Gretta so much that he, a (probably) tubercular worker in a potentially carcinogenic workplace (the gasworks) risked his already fragile health to come stand in her back garden in a cold rain.  He is so desperate to see Gretta before she leaves that he says "...he did not want to live."  Gretta believes that he died for her, and it may well be the case.  There is no mention of whether or not he wore galoshes, but if he did it didn't save him.  He died a week after that last time he saw Gretta.

Gabriel, however, is fond of the newfangled galoshes, and he is careful about his and his wife's health.  Unlike Michael Furey, Gabriel seems to relish being alive.  He is in love with his wife, but he also does not seem to harbor romantic notions about her.  "He did not like to say even to himself that her face was no longer beautiful but he knew that it was no longer the face for which Michael Furey had braved death."

It's hard to imagine Gabriel Conroy braving death for anyone, and certainly not for romantic love.  He seems too self-satisfied for that, but he also has, as many smug and contented people have, an element of self-loathing "A shameful consciousness of his own person assailed him.  He saw himself as a ludicrous figure, acting as a pennyboy for his aunts, a nervous wellmeaning sentimentalist, orating to vulgarians and idealising his own clownish lusts, the pitiable fatuous fellow he had caught a glimpse of in the mirror."

It is difficult, in this last respect, to compare Michael Furey and Gabriel Conroy.  Michael Furey died as a teenager, in all the passion of ill-health coupled with immaturity and intense romanticism.  Gabriel is a grown man, a teacher, a father and husband, with all the cares, maturity, satisfactions, and even dashed illusions that that status conveys.  Michael, the passionate lover of Gretta who sang, with a beautiful voice, the maudlin tune of "The Lass of Aughrim" had none of Gabriel's life of solid -- and, perhaps, stolid -- respectability and responsibility.  Such circumstances change personalities.

But, it is suggested by Joyce's text, Michael and Gabriel shared little except their love for Gretta.  Michael is headlong, talented, in ill-health, but also careless of life.  Gabriel is, by comparison, careful, steady, respectable, and bent on the enjoyment of his possessions (especially Gretta) and his raised status compared to many people around him.  They seem to be of very different dipositions, and, at the end of the story, Gabriel and the reader are left to think whether Gretta would have been happier with Michael Furey, had he lived.

A skier of mass 72.3 kg is pulled up a slope by a motor-driven cable.How much work is required to pull the skier 61.9 m up a 37.0 degree slope...

When any load is pulled up a slope the total effort required and the work done has two components - to overcome the the frictional resistance and to move load against force of gravity.

In this case the slope is assumed to be frictionless. therefore the force of friction and work done against that is 0. The only force against which the skier is pulled up is the force of gravity.

This problem can have two solution based on the way the data on distance of 61.9 m is interpreted. It could be either (1) vertical distance moved, or (2) distance along the slope over which the skier is pulled up. We will solve the problem for both these assumptions.

The other given data is:

Angle of slope = A = 37 degrees.

Mass of skier = m = 73.2 kg

Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.81 m/s^2

Constant speed = 2.0 m/s

Solution when 61.9 meter is the vertical height:

The work done = m*g*vertical distance moved

= 73.2*9.81*69.1 = 49620.1572 J

Solution when 61.9 meter is the length of slope:

The vertical distance moved = s

= (Length of slope)*Sin A = 61.9*0.6018 = 41.58438 m

The work done = m*g*s = 29861.4106 J

This is work dine neglecting the work done to accelerate the skier to speed of 2 meters per second. If we take this in to consideration the kinetic energy of skier wen being pulled up is given by

Kinetic energy = 1/2*m*v^2 = (1/2)*73.2*(2^2) = 146.4 J

Considering kinetic energy of speed of skier:

Total work done = 29861.4106 + 146.4 = 33967.8 J

What are the three primary literary elements of William Faulkner's "Barn Burning?"

The most noticeable literary element Faulkner uses in "Barn Burning" is sentence structure. Faulkner's sentences are very long and have many interruptions. They flow like stream of consciousness because they are one claus after another. In "Barn Burning" the second sentence  is 116 words in length.

Another major element Faulker uses is point of view. Faulkner relates this story from the young Sarty, who is ten years old. Faulkner's words depict a ten year old who is illiterate.

The other literary element is setting. The Snopes' are very illiterate people who are like slaves. Barn Burning's setting is not really a place but it is the act of traveling from one place to another. The Snopes' are always evicted from one place and then have to move to another, because of Ab's fighting and violence. Their wagon is the setting and also the story revolves around Abner's personality and Sarty's attempt to get an handle on the situation in his rebellious manner.

In "A Tale of Two Cities" what is Mrs. Pross's treatment of Mr. Lorry when they first meet?Book the First

Miss Pross is the typical fiercely loyal, mannish British nanny.  In Chapter 4 Mr. Lorry encounters this "wild red woman, stong of hand," and dress in "some extraordinary tight-fitting fashion...[with] a "most wonderful bonnet like a Greandier wooden measure,...or a Stilton cheese."  She charges into the hotel room in Dover when she discerns that Lucie has fainted, and lays a "brawny hand upon his chest, and sends him flying back against the nearest wall.  Incredulous, Mr. Lorry thinks, "this surely must be a man." But, Miss Pross issues orders to all around her: 

'Ill let you know, if you don't bring smellin-salts, cold water, and vinegar, quick, I will!'

Abruptly, then, she speaks tenderly and solicitously to her "precious" and "bird," spreading Lucie's beautiful hair tenderly and with pride away from Lucie's face.  But, to Lorry, she is not so kind, indignantly saying to Mr. Lorry,

'And you in brown!'...'Couldn't you tell her what you had to tell her, without frightening her to death?  Look at her, with her pretty pale face and her cold hands.  Do you call that being a Banker?'

When Mr. Lorry expresses his concern saying, "I hope she will do well now," Miss Pross offers him no sympathy: "No thanks to you in brown, if she does. My darling pretty!" 

Poor Mr. Lorry cannot seem to say anything right.  When he asks if she is accompanying Lucie to France, she retorts,

'A likely thing, too!...If it was ever intended that I should go across salt water, do you suppose Providence would have cast my lot in an island?'

Ironically, as a spinster, Miss Pross in her limited environment and strict adherence to lifestyle is much the complementary character to Mr. Lorry.

Write notes on the following:a) Explain right to safetyb) what is right to consumer protection?

Right to safety and consumer protection are two aspects of the general area of consumer rights. The seller these days are generally big companies enjoying substantial economic power. In comparison, individual consumers are economically weak. Further, big businesses are frequently considered by consumer to be experts in the technology of product they manufacture and sell. As a result, when a product is put on sale by a company it is assumed by consumer that the product gives them value for their money, and is safe for them to use. Also the companies make tall claims about their products, which are believed by consumers.

However, not all big businesses use their economic and the expert power they enjoy, as ethically as desirable. As a result governments in many countries have enacted laws to protect consumer interests. Among other issues, such laws make it obligatory for companies to make their products safe for consumers and to provide correct and adequate information about their product. Similarly these laws also provide some measure of protection from supply of inferior or defective quality of product. Thus, supplies are obliged to provide some minimum warranty and guarantee on the product they supply. Further, they are are required to ensure that they meet all their commitment to their customers, made either as explicit as terms of sales, or as inferred from their advertisement and other communications.

Safety of the product is a major part of the product quality and performance requirements covered by the consumer protection laws. Safety laws prohibit commercial sale of products without adequately satisfying that it is safe for use buy consumers. Further, companies are obliged to inform the consumer adequately about the product and its use do avoid accidental damage to life or property, including the product itself. Also, if there are any damages by the product, due to supplier's failure to ensure safety by these means there are legal provision for the suppliers to compensate the affected consumers.

Ford's conduct in the faulty design of the Pinto fuel tank resulted in many deaths. Which theory, Utilitarian or Kantian was used and why?

In my opinion, Ford would have had to have been acting out in accordance with Utilitarianism (if they were actually even trying to be moral).

By Kant's reasoning, I can't see anyway to justify what Ford did. If you use the Categorical Imperative, what would their universal law be? "Feel free to endanger people's lives if safety would cost too much?" I don't know how you could will that to be a universal law.

From a utilitarian perspective, you could sort of justify it. You could say that the harm that would come to all the Ford workers, their families, etc if Ford went broke would be worse than the possibility of some people dying. We just bailed out the auto companies because it would be terrible if they went broke, so the same logic could apply here.

Identify words or lines that contain irony in Act III of A Raisin in the Sun and discuss them.This pertains to the scene where Walter tries to...

In the scene during which Walter tries to convince Mama to accept Mr. Linder's proposal, many of Walter's statements contain an element of irony.  For example, near the beginning of Walter's plea, he tells Mama that in life, there are the takers and the "tooken."  He claims that the "tooken" are always being taken advantage of because they are "all mixed up. . .[m]ixed up bad."  The irony of this statement is that at the moment, Walter is the one who is mixed up because he is putting aside his pride and integrity to accept the money from Mr. Linder.  Rather than recognizing that he and his family have the right to live wherever they want, Walter is blinded by the money that Mr. Linder has offered.  In addition, Mr. Linder's proposal is a "quick-fix" to Walter's grand mistake of having lost the remainder of the insurance money.  So, in this moment, Walter is really the one who is "mixed up bad."

What aspect of the situation was Camus principally interested in? What are some examples of irony in the story?

Camus is interested in the existential choices of his principal characters.  "Guest," translated from French to English, can mean "guest" or "host."  In this way, each character is both a "guest" and a "host" of the others, just as each character in Camus' most famous novel is a "Stranger."  The Arabs are guests in the French-controlled country of Algeria.  The Colonial French are guests of the native Arabs.  Daru and Balducci are both unwilling hosts of the Arab (neither want him).

The principal irony comes at the end.  Daru has left the Arab at the crossroads: one way leads to freedom (the nomads); the other way leads to death (the prison).  Daru refuses to deliver the Arab to either place; he tries to make a choice by not making a choice, which Camus says is, by default, choosing death.  So, ironically to Daru and the reader, the Arab chooses death.  Is it because he was honoring his host, Daru?  Is it because he was afraid of a nomadic life of freedom?

Camus says that most people are afraid of freedom; therefore, most people--at the crossroads--choose death.  They refuse to acknowledge the absurdity of the universe and give up their freedom of choice to external forces (the French gov't; the gendarme; a host, etc...)  Philosophical, absurdist irony.

How did the rise of evangelical protestantism premote the reform movements of the 1830s and 1840s?

During the 1830s and 1840s a variety of reform movements sprang up in the United States.  These covered everything from educational reform to the reform of insane asylums to abolitionism.

Historians often attribute these reform movements to the rise of evanglical protestantism.  The idea is that evangelical protestantism emphasized that people and society could be perfected.  Once people came to believe in this idea they (and middle class women in particular) started to work to perfect people and society.

Thus, the rise of evangelical protestantism helped lead to the rise of reform movements.

I need help with this question: in "The Crucible," act 4. Describe what Proctor appears to value at the end of the play.I dont understand that...

At the end of "The Crucible," what John Proctor appears to value more than anything is his own integrity.  He decides that his integrity is more important to him than his life.

At first, in this act, he had decided he was going to confess to witchcraft so he wouldn't be executed and wouldn't leave his wife a widow and leave their unborn child without a father.

But finally, after talking to his wife, Elizabeth, and after seeing Rebecca Nurse go to be executed without trying to get out of it, he decides that it's more important to be honest.

Explain any two metaphors or personifications in the poem "The Inchcape rock" by Robert Southey.

The 'Inchcape Rock' is a perilous reef off the east coast of Angus Scotland near the mouth of the river Tay. The rock would just protrude for a few inches above the surface of the sea in low tide and be completely covered by the sea in high tide or when the sea was rough. Many ships had been wrecked by this 'inchcape rock' when they mistakenly struck it when it was covered by the sea.

In the fourteenth century an abbot from Arbroath (Aberbrothok) in nearby Angus tied a bell to the inchcape rock to warn the passing ships of the  danger due to the notorious rock. When the sailors heard the bell ringing they knew that their ship was near the inchcape rock which had been covered by the sea, and they would steer their ship to safety thanking and praising the abbot:

When the Rock was hid by the surge’s swell, 
The Mariners heard the warning Bell; 
And then they knew the perilous Rock, 
And blest the Abbot of Aberbrothok

Robert Southey's literary ballad "The Inchcape Rock" written between 1796–8, and published in 1802 is based on this legendary 'Inchcape Rock.'

Southey's poem tell us of a pirate who was jealous of the abbot's fame and reputation and out of spite he cut off the bell gloating maliciously and sadistically,

Quoth Sir Ralph, “The next who comes to the Rock,
Won’t bless the Abbot of Aberbrothok.

But the poem ends with Sir Ralph being punished for his evil deed. Once when he was returning home with the loot he had plundered his ship sails into a fog and he becomes completely disoriented:

So thick a haze o’erspreads the sky, 
They cannot see the sun on high; 
The wind hath blown a gale all day, 
At evening it hath died away.

From the sound of the waves breaking they realize that they are near the shore. Even as one of the sailors wishes that they could hear the inchcape bell and be warned of the danger ahead the ship strikes the inchcape rock. The pirate ship sinks with Sir Ralph tearing his hair and cursing himself. The ballad concludes with the sound of the funeral bell ringing for Sir Ralph and Satan waiting to receive him in hell:

But even is his dying fear, 
One dreadful sound could the Rover hear; 
A sound as if with the Inchcape Bell, 
The Devil below was ringing his knell.

Example of personification:

1. The Ship was still as she could be; 
Her sails from heaven received no motion, 
Her keel was steady in the ocean.

The inanimate 'ship' is referred to as a lady.

2. Examples of  metaphors:

(i)  "Sir Ralph the Rover walk’d his deck."

Sir Ralph strutted about proudly up and down the deck of his ship.

(ii)   "A sound as if with the Inchcape Bell,

The Devil below was ringing his knell."

Southey imagines that the pirate Sir Ralph hears the sound of a funeral bell announcing his death as he sinks to the bottom of the sea. Southey likens this sound to the Devil ringing Sir Ralph's death knell with the very same Inchcape bell which the abbot of Aberbrothok had tied to the perilous rock.

Please analyze these lines: stone walls do not a prison make nor iron bars a cage minds innocent and quiet take that for a hermitageHow can I...

'Stone Walls Do Not A Prison Make' by Richard Lovelace.

In very brief summary, these lines from the poem by Richard Lovelace mean that it takes more than physical limits to imprison a person's mind or soul. Stone walls and iron bars may prevent a person from moving freely in their body, but if they can still love freely whoever they want, and have free emotions and let their thoughts fly free, then in heart, mind and soul - they are free. the poet seems to believe that these latter freedoms are more important. The poem is about freedom and has similarities with Gerard Manley Hopkins poem about The Skylark.

1618-1657 Richard Lovelace was born in London, at Woolwich and came from a military background. His family were from kent which is in the very south of England.

If you would like to do some extension reading to broaden your knowledge of the subject of freedom/spirituality in poetry, Hopkins is an interesting comparison:

What is the author, Finley Hooper's, interpretation of the fall of the Roman Empire?"The year was 476. For those who demand to know the date Rome...

In a very real sense, the fall of the Roman Empire occurred when its subjects in western Europe and the Italian peninsula found they could no longer look to the armed might of Rome to protect them and to provide law and order in their communities.  To put it in modern day terms, it would be tantamount to having a gang of armed thugs descend on your farm and tell you to pack up and leave within the hour.  You tell them, "I'll call the police!"  But when you do, no one answers.  

Faced with these circumstances, people were forced to look to their own devices. They found the only hope they had lay in going to the most wealthy man in their region and seeking his help, since he already had armed retainers protecting his estates.  He agreed to protect them and their holdings, provided they:

1.  Sign their land over to him, in exchange for a life estate that would pass to his eldest son upon his death, and to his son's eldest son, et cetera;

2.  Provide so many days military service to his protector every year, as circumstances required, and have his sons of military age pledged to the same service;

3.  Pay a tax each year to his protector from the yield of his harvest.

Thus, born of military necessity, the feudal system began, with its ever expanding system of liege lords and vassals, which superceded the now absent Roman emperor and his legions.      

Horatio is the only one who is truly loyal to Hamlet, but is Hamlet loyal to everyone within the play?

I see no place in the play where Hamlet treats his long-time friend Horatio badly. On the contrary, in Act 3, Scene 2, Hamlet pays homage to Horatio with honest words that are so heartfelt that Hamlet, himself is moved:

HAMLET:

Horatio, thou art e'en as just a man

As e'er my conversation cop'd withal.

HORATIO:

O, my dear lord!

HAMLET:

Nay, do not think I flatter;

For what advancement may I hope from thee,

That no revenue hast but thy good spirits

To feed and clothe thee? Why should the poor be flatter'd?

No, let the candied tongue lick absurd pomp,

And crook the pregnant hinges of the knee

Where thrift may follow fawning. Dost thou hear?

Since my dear soul was mistress of her choice,

And could of men distinguish her election,

Sh'hath seal'd thee for herself. For thou hast been

As one, in suff'ring all, that suffers nothing;

A man that Fortune's buffets and rewards

Hast ta'en with equal thanks; and blest are those

Whose blood and judgment are so well commeddled

That they are not a pipe for Fortune's finger

To sound what stop she please. Give me that man

That is not passion's slave, and I will wear him

In my heart's core, ay, in my heart of heart,

As I do thee.

This is one of the finest tributes one friend can give another. And Hamlet assures Horatio that is it offered in full honesty for, since Horatio is below Hamlet in station, Hamlet has nothing at all to gain from flattery.

And don't forget, it is only with Horatio that he shares what the Ghost of his father has told him and of his plans for catching the conscience of the King. He expects loyalty from Horatio and gives it in return.

And in Act 4, it is to Horatio alone that Hamlet writes about his secret return to Denmark and about the treachery of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. And later in the act, Hamlet meets up with only Horatio in the graveyard.

Other than Horatio, then, is Hamlet loyal to anyone else? His mother the Queen, yes, he is loyal to her, probably, though, more than she wants him to be. And the Ghost, Hamlet is loyal to the ghost.

In short, all those worthy of Hamlet's loyalty receive it from him. The rest are either suspicious of him, spy on him, are used against him, or are insignificant.

IMPORTANT & URGENT :What are some good quotes from Stargirl by Jerry Spinelli?I was wondering if anyone knew of some good quotes from Stargirl by...

In the book "Stargirl" by Jerry Spinelli, the young girl, Stargirl Caraway, is a new girl in an Arizona High School. She had spent the majority of her education being home school.  She now finds herself in a new setting where others find her to be strange.  Leo, a friend is in love with her.  He wants her to change so that other kids will like her better.  The story is about finding one's true self and being different.  It is also about the demands of social conformity at a high school level.

Some quotes are as follows:

"She was the faintest scent of a cactus flower, the flitting shadow of an elf owl. We did not know what to make of her. In our minds we tried to pin her to a corkboard like a butterfly, but the pin merely went through and away she flew." (15)

"I liked the feeling the moonlight gave me, as if it wasn't the opposite of day, but its underside, its private side, when the fabulous purred on my snow-white sheet like some dark cat come in from the desert." (12)

What central theme is important to the meaning of "How I Met My Husband"?I have to write a response in which I address how and why a central...

In my opinion, the central theme in "How I Met My Husband" is difference in economic and social class and the perspective that arises from that difference.  This can be most easily distinguished by observing the relationship between Mrs. Peebles and Edie.  Mrs. Peebles, the wife of prominent Dr. Peebles, has a very high social-economic standing while Edie is simply her "hired girl," and only fifteen at that. 

A good example of this difference in class is the incident when Edie tries on the beautiful satin gown belonging to Mrs. Peebles.  Edie simply couldn't resist and then is caught in the act when Chris Watters comes to the door.  Her anxiety over this incident causes her to backpedal enough in order to cover something taboo for her lower economic and social class.

Edie, because of her farm background and because of her innocence, is able to see both the goodness and the falsity in regards to people's characters.  Mrs. Peebles is unable to do this, despite a life of upper middle-class advantage and a great attempt at kindness.  Edie explains it quite well:

Sometimes I thought about the way we lived out at home and the way we lived here and how one way was so hard to imagine when you were living the other way.

Further, the concluded relationship between Edie and Chris proves the great divide between the classes while Edie's eventual marriage to the kindly mailman confirms that nothing has changed by the end of the story in regards to the central theme.

In" Cat in the Rain " How is the husband's reading in the book relevant to the theme ? What do you think is the significance of this passage?They...

George's reading indicates his selfishness and his emotional separation from his wife and her needs. He remains in the room reading while she goes outside in the rain to search for the cat that is so important to her. The hotel maid and padrone, both strangers to her, are more sensitive to her feelings than George. It is the maid who had stood in the rain, holding an umbrella for her, while she had looked for the cat.

When she returns and says the cat is gone, George offers only a casual response, wondering where the cat had gone. Much can be inferred, though, by what George doesn't say. He doesn't say he is sorry; he doesn't offer her hope that perhaps the cat will come back. He doesn't suggest that the two of them go look again. George doesn't acknowledge her sadness or offer any words to comfort her. When she tries, once again, to tell him how she feels, he doesn't listen; he has resumed reading.

When she had come back inside, she had felt "important" because the padrone had shown interest in her feelings and her need to find the cat. We can infer that feeling important is not how she usually feels. George does not say or do anything to make her feel important because she is not important to him. Her life with George is one of emotional deprivation.

What are the motivations for fighting for Britain?

Historically, the war happened amidst a century of Anglo-French hostilities on the European continent. Very simply stated the war was a result over territory and the attempts to influence the territories these countries held. England held the colonies along the East coast, while France had control over a large central portion of the country ( up to what today is Texas). The war was primarily fought on the border of the British colonies, but as it waged on and after some initial losses, Britain gained the upper hand. The war took place in a century of imperialist expansion and it became clear that the loser would have to cede territory to the winner. This is precisely what happened, but both countries ended up trading and ceding land in what can be considered a swapping or sorts. In the end, Britain also had to demonstrate a strong hand over the colonies on the East Coast while attempting to expand its territory further.

How can we deal with dyslexic patient?how can we make to that mind for reading, writing?

Dyslexia, also referred to as developmental reading disorder (DRD), is a learning disability in which children have trouble in learning reading and writing skills. Children with dyslexia have problems in analyzing whole words in parts, and combining sounds to form words. This results in problems in reading, spelling, writing, speaking, or listening.

Treatment of dyslexia should focus on solving the specific problem of each child. It may be necessary to modify method of teaching methods and take help of instructor specifically trained to teach dyslexic students. It is important to use teaching methods that develop all the senses, that is, hearing, touching, writing, and speaking. It is necessary to create explain the the association between simple elements of sound with letters or letter groups that represent them, rather than ask then to memorize spelling of whole words.

Students must be encouraged in ways that make them find success in academics and personal relationships. Students should be rewarded also for efforts and not just the results. It can be a great help in building confidence.

What proof does The Great Gatsby provide that Daisy marries Tom for his wealth?a quote or explanation

Fitzgerald provides several pieces of evidence to support Nick's assumption that Daisy married Tom for and will never leave him because of his wealth. 

1. First, in Chapter 1 when Nick visits his cousin Daisy after not seeing her for several years, he witnesses the awkward situation between Tom and Daisy over Tom's mistress.  While Tom is away from the table, Nick tries to lighten the mood by asking Daisy about her little girl.  Daisy becomes more melancholy, but then Nick watches her snap out of it, and he observes:

"she looked at me with an absolute smirk on her lovely face as if she had asserted her membership in a rather distinguished secret society to which she and Tom belonged" (22).

Nick's point is that because Daisy has "seen everything and been everywhere" with Tom's money and has gotten used to covering up problems by using their wealth, she is unwilling to leave even an abuse- or adultery-filled marriage.

2. In Chapter 4 when Jordan meets with Nick to ask him on Gatsby's behalf to invite Daisy to his house, she explains to Nick the history between Daisy and Gatsby. When she finishes telling Nick about the couple, she mentions that Daisy's affection for Gatsby was stifled by her family and that not too long after Gatsby goes to war, Daisy was happy again because

"in June she married Tom Buchanan of Chicago with more pomp and circumstance than Louisville ever knew before" (80).

All of Fitzgerald's comments about Tom and Daisy's courtship and wedding relate to wealth. It is truly the only aspect of Tom's character that can be considered remotely positive or persuasive enough to make Daisy forget her soldier and move on.

3. Most significantly, Nick's final judgment of the Buchanans, that

"they were careless people . . . [who] smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money or their vast carelessness or whatever it was that kept them together" (187-88).

demonstrates that he has no other explanation for why Daisy would stay with Tom other than their money and his ability to be able hide not only his own scandals but now also hers by paying people off, picking up and moving, or simply denying that they did anything wrong (all made possible because of their abundant, seemingly infinite access to money).

What is the analysis of sonnet 24 ?What metaphor and alliteration is given in the sonnet?Which other sonnets can relate to sonnet 24, and how?

Sonnet 24 is similar to others in the collection of Barrett Browning's Sonnets from the Portuguese.  Written as part of the collection that is meant to express a deep love to her husband, the sonnet's focus is on the love between both.  The driving force of meaning in the sonnet is the idea that the love shared by these two individuals can serve as a shelter or sanctuary from the pressures and demands of the world.  The opening metaphor of the knife depicts these stresses that lie outside the comforting grasp, which is meant to be the love shared.  This metaphor is continued throughout the poem, most prominently demonstrated when the world "stabs" without any impact on the "lilies of life."  Other examples of alliterations can be seen in the use of words such as "worldings," "weak," and "whitely."

What is inertia?

The inertia is a property that keeps an object at its state.

When an external force acts an object, the property of inertia makes the object move in the direction of the force and not anywhere else.

A moving obect does not stop if no force acts on it. This is due to inertia.

The higher the velocity of an object, you need bigger force to stop it. So, the property of inertia has to do something with the velocity.

The higher the mass of an object, we need higher force to dicontinue its state of rest. So inertial is very well related with the mass of an object.

The qickness of displacement necessitates higher force to dicontinue the state of the object is also due to the inertia. So time and inertia is inter related.

Inertia , force, mass, velocity  and momentum, direction,distance, displacement and  time are all the elements interrelated.

How does Dickens create powerful mood and settings in Great Expecations?

In Great Expectations Charles Dickens creates settings that are, indeed, representative of the characters who are aligned with them.  In the exposition of his novel, for instance, Dickens sets little Pip in the graveyeard where his parents are buried: a cold, dismal, grey place on the haunting moors of England.  Into this dark, lonely atmosphere enters a character even more forsaken and desperate than Pip:  the grey convict, who has escaped from the prison ship.

Another setting that represents the characters themselves is that of Satis House, ironically named--enough--where Miss Havisham and Estella dwell.  When Pip arrives at this decaying mansion, he describes it,

of olbrick, and dismal, and had a great many iron bars to it.  Some of the windows had been walled up, of those that remained, all the lower were rustily barred.  There was a courtyard in front and that was barred....the courtyard...was paved and clean, but grass was growing in every crevice...The cold wind seemed to blow colder there than outside the gate....

The parallels between the old mansion of wealth and the moor scene cannot be missed:  both settings are connected to the motif of prison.  The lower class Magwitch,victimized by society has been imprisoned in poverty all his life, while Miss Havisham is imprisoned in her decaying home, victimized by society, also, as she has been jilted by a man who promised marriage only to steal from her.  (Dickens saw Victorian society as a prison where there was little chance to change one's station in life.)  Only Estella, whose name means star, has not yet become evil in this prison of a house, for she lights the way with a single candle--"her light came along the dark passage like a star"--as Pip follows "where no glimpse of daylight was to be seen."   Inside this self-imposed prison lives one of Dickens's most memorable characters, Miss Havisham, who is dressed in an old wedding dress, sitting in a dressing room adjacent to another room where mice and rats romp across a yellowing tablecloth on which sits a rotting wedding cake.  All the clocks are stopped at 8:45 a.m., the fatal hour in which Miss Havisham's heart also stopped, having learned of her tragic fate at the hands of a rapscallion.

Another foreboding setting is the office of the lawyer, Jaggers.  Set near the infamous Newgate Prison, the death masks of some of Jagger's clients hang in the outer office where the kind, gentle Mr. Wemmick works.

In contrast to these dismal settings that create a most melancholy mood, is the loving home of Wemmick, who nightly fires a canon that his deaf, old father, Aged P, delights in.  Likewise, Joe's forge is large and bright and warm from the fire that burns for the blacksmith's work.  Like Joe, whose magnanimous heart extends both love and friendship to Pip even when Pip rejects him, the forge, Joe tells Pip, always has room for him.

As the narrative of "Great Expectations" continues, the settings also continue to reflect the moods of its characters.  The convict, Magwitch, who has defied the law in order to come to London to tell Pip that he is, in fact, his benefactor, must struggle against the sea in order to escape certain death.  Likewise, Miss Havisham meets a deadly fate as her decaying dress catches fire one night.  Trapped in "prisons," neither character can escape their fates originally cast upon them by society. Certainly, Charles Dickens is a master painter, depicting a background that reflects and explicates the lives of the characters who move in the foreground.

I would like some help writing a researched argumentative paper.I need a topic, an explanation of how to write it, things that would be good to...

Writing an essay isn't as hard as you think as long as you are organized before you start.  Hopefully I can give you a few ideas on how to get started:

First, you need to think of a topic that matches the type of writing you have been assigned to do.  In this case, it would appear that you have been instructed to write an "argumentative" style paper that involves some research, so your first step would be to think of an issue or topic that you have an opinion about.  The word "argumentative," in writing, is often combine with the word "persuasive."  That sometimes helps you to think a little easier on the subject.  Your paper is going to try to persuade someone to think like you do, using evidence to back up your argument.

The trick here is that you can't choose a topic like "I'm going to try to convince you that the best kind of ice cream is Superman."  Though this would be argumentative in nature, you won't be able to find any facts that will back you up.  You will need to choose a topic that you can find information about.  Great topics are often political or social in nature because there are often facts to back up a wide range of nutty beliefs.  Start by thinking of a law that you don't agree with, or one that you think should be in place (seatbelt laws, gun control laws, speed limits...whatever.)  Or, choose an offbeat idea...Roswell aliens, faked moon-landings, JFK assassination conspiracies. All of these have "evidence" you could use to support your opinion.

Or choose your own topic.

Next, you need to come up with a thesis statement.  This is the main idea of your paper, the point you are trying to prove.  In the case of Roswell aliens, for example, it might be "Though the government denies it, in 1945 an alien spaceship crash landed in Roswell, New Mexico."  This statement tells both what you are going to be writing (Roswell aliens) and your opinion on it ("though the government denies it" shows that you think the government is lying.)  On a more serious note, a thesis (or topic sentence) could be something like "In order to save lives, our state should require motorcycle riders to wear helmets."  Again, this shows the reader what you are writing about and what your opinion is of it.

Second, you need your evidence.  You need to have at least 3 good reasons why you believe what you believe in order to write a decent paper.  If it's a topic you are familiar with, you might already have some ideas, and if it is a topic you don't understand as much, you have to do more digging.  Either way, you need to have FACTS to back up what you say and not just opinions.  It's not enough to say "forcing riders to wear helmets would save lives."  You need to back it up..."According to department of transportation studies, states that have helmet laws have cut back on cyclist death's by 45%."  See how one is an opinion, the other is a fact?  Of course, a fact is only as good as the source you get it from...

If you need more help getting started I will be happy to give it to you via email, but for now, I have to sign off.  I am reaching my character limit and won't be able to write much longer!  Click here to see a list of topics you might be interested in exploring!  Good luck!

What does Paul Baümer think of the enemy in All Quiet on the Western Front? How do these thoughts evolve?

In All Quiet on the Western Front, Paul Baumer thinks that the enemy is human.  Throughout the novel, Paul comments on the devastating effects of war and its ability to make soldiers dehumanize the enemy.  He implies that soldiers are simply objects on the field, and eventually the soldiers must see them this way in order to cope with the overwhelming number of dead and mutilated bodies that they see on the battlefield.  Paul does try to maintain his sense of humanity as evidenced in the scene in which Paul stabs a French soldier who has fallen into a shell hole with him.  Paul says that if only the soldier would have considered him a man instead of a threat then he would not have had to kill him.  Afterwards, Paul's guilt is great and he tries to save the man; when Paul sees that he is indeed dying, he tries to comfort him by giving him water.  When the soldier dies, Paul says that he will send a letter to his wife.  So Paul tries to see the enemy as human rather than to see the enemy as objectified non-human beings.

How many neutrons, protons, and electrons are in Hydrogen?

A Hydrogen atom has one proton and one proton in it. There are no neutron in hydrogen atom. As a matter of fact, hydrogen is the only element whose atom does not have a neutron in it.

Hydrogen does have some isotopes with atoms that contain one or more neutrons in its atoms. The atom of most most common isotope of hydrogen called protium, which is really the common hydrogen, contains no neutron. The atom of a second isotope of hydrogen called deuterium or heavy oxygen contains 1 proton and 1 neutron. This isotope constitutes about 1 part out of 4000 to 6000 parts of normal oxygen.The atom of another isotope of hydrogen called tritium has 1 proton and 2 neutron. Tritium is a radioactive material and is used in making oh hydrogen bomb.

What is the ethical problem?

There are several ethical problems in the novel My Sister’s Keeper by Jodie Piccoult. The initial ethical issue is that the parents conceived a child for the sole purpose of trying to get a tissue match for the daughter who was dying of cancer. Another ethical issue arrises when the "donor" daughter gets old enough to choose whether she is willing or not to be used as a donor, they do not give her that choice. It is only when the sick sister encourages her to do what is right for herself, that the "donor daughter" is given any support.

Discuss in detail the procedure of anthropometric design of workstation. It is related with ergonomics engineering.

Workstation refers to the the area in immediate vicinity of an operator and containing the various displays and controls that the operator needs to use from this position. Anthropometric design is concerned specifically with matching the dimensions and shape of the work station to suit the anthropometric characteristics of the operator.

Design of workstations covers designs of displays, controls, space and the seating or standing space. The design of work station includes the following steps.

1. Design of individual displays and controls.


2. Grouping of different displays and controls.


3. Placement of groups of displays and controls with respect to the operator.


4. Design of the seating /standing systems with any additional space and facilities required by the operator.

What is the diffrenece between realism and naturalism in drama?

Realism in drama refers to closely representing truth in the observed facts of life. The characters derived from realism in drama are middle or lower class; the events of drama are ordinary and commonplace; the influences on the characters and actions are the external influences of social factors, as defined by social Darwinism. Realism was criticized for focusing too much on the influence of external reality at the expense of overlooking the influence of internal cognitive and psychological function. Realism also led to naturalism in drama.

Naturalism in drama, developed by the French, took realism further and made it give as close a representation of reality at the merchant, working and lower class levels of society as possible. This effort for pure realistic representation went so far as to involved revolutionizing set structure and acting technique, which was led by Stanislavski, as well as encompassing the strict incorporation of Darwinian social theory and scientific data.

There is a very clear article on realism at the Foreign Languages Institutes Fujian Normal University.

Find the work done by the force of friction on the flight bag.A flight attendant pulls her 74.2 N flight bag a distance of 324m along a level...

Given pulling force = f1 = 37.9 N

Angle of application of force = A = 55.2 degrees

Distance moved = 324 m

Other data given in the question is not required for finding the answer.

The pulling force is used partially reduce the effect of gravitational by pushing the bag up and there by reduce the friction, and partially to overcome the kinetic friction.

Thus the frictional force used to overcome kinetic friction (f) is equal to the horizontal component of pulling force applied.

The result is that a force f is applied and a displacement of s is obtained.

Therefore:

f = f1*Cos A = 37.9*Cos 55.2 = 37.9*0.5707 = 21.6295 N

work done = f*s = 21.6295*324 = 7007.9677 J

Answer:

Work done by force of friction on flight bag is 7007.9677 J

Explain how a screw driver could be used as a lever and as a wheel and axle device.

A lever works on the principle of using torque. The torque is defined as force multiplied by its distance from a fixed point called fulcrum. A torque tends to create a rotational movement around the fixed point or the fulcrum. Mechanical advantage is obtained in the lever by varying the distances of the effort and load from the fulcrum. The torque produced by the effort is same as the torque resisting the action of the effort, but as their distances from fulcrum are different the magnitude of effort and load are also different.

A screw driver act as a lever because the the relatively broader handle produces much more torque for the same force as compared to the narrower blade of the screw driver. In this way, the screw driver is designed to provide a mechanical advantage of lever. The mechanical advantage of screw drivers can be increased by providing larger arms to grip the screwdriver instead of typical handle.

In machinery the principle of levers is also used in mechanism of wheel and axle, so that a small force applied to the wheel with its larger diameter is used to transmit a much greater force through the axle with much smaller diameter. For example the steering wheel of automobiles is made large to make it easy to steer the car. The screwdriver can also be considered a wheel and axle mechanism, in which the handle of screwdriver acts as the wheel and the blade (including the shaft) acts as the axle.

WHY WHEN WORKERS WAGES RISE THERE IS A SHIFT IN THE SUPPLY CURVE?

I hope your book says that the curve shifts to the left...

Remember that supply is defined as how much a supplier will produce AT A GIVEN PRICE (price being how much they can sell their good for).

Supply goes down as the cost of producing the product goes up.  This makes sense because let's say you can sell a t-shirt for $5.  If you only have to pay your workers $.50 cents for each shirt, you make a lot of profit and you want to make a lot of shirts.  But now let's say your workers somehow make you pay them $5 per shirt.  Now there's no profit and you don't want to make so many shirts.

So the thing is, as the cost of your inputs (including workers) go up, your profit goes down (if you are still selling the product at the same price).  If your profit goes down, you want to make fewer products (and you try to find something else to make that's more profitable).  That means supply goes down and the curve moves left.

A 1.98 kg ball is attached to a ceiling by a 2.1 m long string. The height of the room is 5.95 m. The acceleration of gravity is 9.8 m/s2.What is...

The formula for gravitational potential energy is

Ug = mgh   where m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity and h + height

If I understand your question correctly, the ball is hanging 2.1 m from the ceiling, which means that its height is 3.85 m.

In that case, you will have the following equation

Ug = 1.98*9.8*3.85

When you multiply this, you come out with 74.7054 J

If I have misunderstood your question, you should still be able to do the math using the same formula.  For example, if the ball is meant to fall from the ceiling and be stopped by the string at 2.1 m from the ceiling, you just substitute 2.1 for 3.85.

In The Scarlet Letter, what are some examples of the author's Dark Romantic roots from the text?

Hawthorne's views as a Dark Romantic ruled his writing and much of his personal life.  Contemporaries such as Emerson liked Hawthorne but felt sorry for him because of his dark perspective of mankind.

In The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne's belief that human nature is inherently evil drives most of the novel's characters and all of the plotline. Chillingworth is the epitome of most Dark Romantics' view of human nature.  He was once an average but intelligent man, who--though Hester found it difficult to love him or show him affection in their married life--was a decent but boring man.  When he discovers his wife's infidelity, Hawthorne portrays mankind's evil nature overtaking him and turning him into a fiend. Likewise, Dimmesdale who seems like a righteous, well-intentioned minister to his townspeople hides within his heart his evil nature--one that possesses a propensity to sin and then hide that sin.  At the novel's end, Dimmesdale's nature "eats" its way out to his exterior. Even little Pearl who is outwardly beautiful finds it natural to scream out in church (she is called a demon because of this) and constantly points out the sins in others (her mother, Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, etc.).

Only Hester illustrates hope in Hawthorne's dark beliefs.  Admittedly, she has sinned before the book's action begins (presumably in Hawthorne's view she sinned because it is her nature to do so), Hester is able to redeem herself by the novel's end.  However, even her redemption is related to Dark Romanticism; she must struggle through the prime years of her life just to get by and provide for Pearl so she has very little happiness. Additionally, her "calling" at the end of her life is related to helping others who have either "given in to their sin natures" or who are tempted to.

Other Dark Romantics include Poe and Melville, and it is easy to compare characters' struggles with their "dark" natures from these authors' works.

What is affinity chromatography?

Chromatography is a group of laboratory methods that are based on selective adsorption, in which components of a complex mixture can be identified and / or purified (adsorption is a surface adhesion of molecules to the surface of other substances). The method was originally used by Russian botanist Mikhail Tsvett for separation of  mostly colored product , hence the name chromatography.

Affinity chromatography is a purification technique, which usually offers more than 95% purity in a single step.It makes use of a particular native or added property to isolate a target molecule.

Affinity chromatography is used more for research purposes, the molecules are separated based on specific aspects of their structure and biological activity. They are used ligands that are immobilized in a support matrix, from which is made a column, over the column being poured  the sample, containing the protein of interest and which connect the ligands contained in the column, the protein is then eluted either by changing the conditions of column (change in pH or salt concentration) or by using other molecules that will compete with the molecule of interest for binding sites of ligands. Examples of ligands according to the substance of purified: substrate, inhibitor, co factor (for enzymes), antigens (antibody), sequences of complementary bases (for nucleic acids).

What are some examples of wordplay (puns) in The Shakespeare Stealer?

Initially, Widge does not understand the wordplay rallied between the players which exemplifies the wit of the Elizabethan age. Gradually though, as he becomes part of the company, Widge is adept as the other players at humorous banter and the use of puns.

A good example would be from page 163. Mr Heminges is instructing Widge to collect Nick from the ale-house as he is needed for the performance. Mr Heminges performs the following pun on the word "fetch"

by all accounts I was quite f-fetching. More so than N-Nick, certainly. But though Nick may not be fetching, he still must be f-fetched.

Widge is able to construct an equally witty riposte with a pun on the word "come"-

And though 'a be not comely, yet a' must come,

As puns were very heavily used by Shakespeare in his comic scenes, it is very appropriate that the players should make good use of the technique.

What is the novel's message about violence?

In the novel "The Outsiders" written by Hinton and begun when she was 16 years old, revolves around the relationship between the Greasers and the Socs.  The Greasers and the Socs have had long running episodes of violent engagements between one another.  It started with verbal confrontations and grew through the years to include physical violence.  The violence escalates in the story until one of Socs is killed by Johnny, who is defending Pony Boy. 

The two boys have to flee and hide until the situation is resolved.  Dally, their friend, arranges to hide them.  While on the run, the boys see the church in which they were hiding in  burning and children are trapped inside.  The boys run to rescue the children.  While getting the children out the roof collapses on top of Johnny and he is badly burned.  Violence has directly resulted in the Soc Bob's death and indirectly in Johnny's death.

Other aspects of violence in the story include the way that Johnny is treated by his own family.  He is physcially and emotionally abused which has led to him needing the support of his friends, the other Greasers, to provide him with love and acceptance.  Had he been raised differently he may not have needed to belong to a gang.

While Johnny is laying in the hospital dying the Socs and the Greasers wage war and physical violence ensues.  Afterwards Dally and Pony Boy go to the hospital to visit Johnny but Johnny has died.  Dally goes out side and begins engaging in violent behavior.  Believing he has a gun, he is shot to death by the police.  Again violence has taken a life.

The underlying message in the story is that violence only serves to breed more violence and that violence is not the way of life for anyone.  It can only lead to tragedy.

How organizations differ?

Forms of organisation:

Organisations are classified into different category based on the size of organisation and the amount of capital required.  The following are the  main type of organization in practice.

Sole trading organisation

The capital is contributed by a single person. The level of operation and size of operation is very low. Whatever may be the result owner has to bear.

Partnership Firm

Two or more persons join together to carry out a business. They will share the profit equally or as per the agreed ratio.

Company form of organisation

Capital is formed by issuing shares to the general public. But the procedure is comparatively difficult in establishing this type of organisation. But the benefit will be more. Shareholders will be given dividend based on the profit of the company.

Co-operative form of organisation

It is an organisation to provide some service to the local area people. It is a voluntary organisation. The main objective is to solve the problems faced by the local area people.

I hope this will give you some idea about the various forms of organisation.

In Fahrenheit 451 where was Montag when the Mechanical Hound reached the river?

By the time Montag reaches the river, he has been on the run for quite a while.  Montag strips his own clothes and throws them down the river, douses himself in alcohol to mask his own scent, then puts on Faber's clothes.  He is hoping that all of these little tricks will distract the hound from the trail, and give Montag a bit if a chance to escape.  After he dresses in Faber's clothes, he jumps into the river and floats downstream.  He doesn't get much of a break though, because

"he was three hundred yards downstream when the Hound reached the river."

Montag panics and dives under the water, hoping that the helicoptor, that accompanies the hound wherever it goes, won't spy him floating along.  He dives under and when he comes back up, it is much quieter--the hound and helicoptor have picked up a different trail and have gone a different direction.  Montag thwarted them at last.  He is relieved, and able to float along for a while before getting out on the opposite side to find somewhere to rest.

Montag will learn later that even though he escaped, the chase still continues; on the television screens, an innocent man is taken down, one that his government hopes people will believe is him.  Montag's leap into the river barely ensured his escape, but unfortunately, an innocent victim succumbs to the hound anyway.  I hope that those thoughts helped; good luck!

How to comment on the statement as "massage work wonders in diabetes?

Gentle therapy which the statement refers, is  directly related to the two types of diabetes: insulin-dependent (usually occures before 30 years) and non - insulin dependent (occures around the age of 40 years and increases its frequency with increasing of age).In any situation, excess blood glucose can be stored in certain tissues of the body. Structure and function of these tissues to alter and obstructed blood vessels can cause serious kidney complications or visual. To prevent such problems, detection and early treatment are essential.

Massage therapist  must first find from patient issues about appetite (excessive eating, weight loss), thirsty (if it is strong and permanent), fatigue, sleepiness, by increasing the amount of urine and micturition frequency, of hypertension, the limb mobility disfunctions. If some of the listed symptoms are present, additional therapy is made under the condition of the patient to be supervised by a physician.

Massage therapist does then an examination of muscles, the joints and tissues, with special attention to the legs, the shoulder blade and shoulder movements, the fingers and hands, spine movements. Also, check for spots around the ankles, slow healing wounds and signs.Proper work done still means a massage that favor bloodstream and lymphatics, and tapping, not at all deep, because of the skin and capillary fragility. Strengthening and drainage are slow and, in the first sessions, less frequent.

Spectacular effects

Effects of massage therapy to the persons with diabetes are numerous. Massage favors patient relaxation, acting on the nervous system. It helps eliminate excess of adrenaline and noradrenaline, two hormones often linked to high blood sugar. Massage decreases frequency and severity of swelling of feet and increase the intake of nutrients and oxygen to the skin and the muscles.

Discuss the "Root Cellar" by Theodore Roethke and its images.

Survival goes to whoever is the fittest and those that will never give up. This is the theme of “Root Cellar” by Theodore Roethke. Amazing spirited plants that want to survive in a hostile environment can be found in Roethke’s cellar.  No one would want to go down into the cellar, but the poet admires the efforts of the plants to live.

 The narration is third person with an upbeat tone.  As the speaker observes this rather dismal little room, he is amazed and awed by the struggling plants.

This is a lyrical poem written in free verse.  There is no rhyme scheme.  However, there are stark and interesting images with appeal both to the sight and smell senses. The poet champions anything that has to struggle to survive, particularly in a harsh environment. It makes no difference how small, ugly, or useless; each should have a chance to survive and live freely.

A root cellar is a structure built underground or partially underground and used to store vegetables, fruits, and nuts or other foods. Root cellars are for keeping food supplies at a low temperature and steady humidity.

Images

This is a fun poem that also repulses as it describes the weird images of the roots.  It is one interesting image after another specifically in praise of plants that do not die but search for ways to propagate and find the much needed sun to survive.

The poem begins by stating that nothing sleeps in the dark cellar. It looks like it is alive.  The bulbs have taken root everywhere pushing out of boxes searching for the precious sunlight.

The roots hang on everything, coming out of cranes almost indecently.  Hanging down from the ceiling with the long necks of the roots, they look like serpents,

Roots ripe as old bait,
Pulpy stems, rank, silo-rich,
Leaf-mold, manure, lime, piled against slippery planks.
Nothing would give up life:

The community of smells is disgusting.

Ripe roots like fish bait and stems that are mushy, moldy—all are piled up against old boards.

No plants died because all willed themselves to live.  It almost seemed like the dirt shows signs of life. This is no place for man, but the perfect place for these strong-willed plants.

Literary Devices

The poet also uses several types of literary devices to paint the picture of the root cellar.

Alliteration is used to add to the visual and auditory aspect of the poem. The rhythm of the poem is enhanced by his alliterative uses of the “d,” “b,”and “l.”

• …dank as a ditch…


• …dark shoots dangled and drooped


• Bulbs broke out of boxes…


• Roots ripe…


• Leaf-mold, manure, lime, life…

Another device which adds to the flavor of the poem is personification:

• The plants sleep


• Bulbs break out and hunt


• Dirt breathes

Similes-

• Cellar dank as a ditch


• Roots have long evil necks like tropical snakes


• Roots ripe as old bait…

What are the nationalities of Bassanio, The Prince of Morocco, and The Prince in Arragon in The Merchant of Venice.

Bassanio, who eventually gets to marry the fair Portia of Belmont, is from Venice (Italy).  The play opens with a scene between him and Antonio, a wealthy Venetian merchant, in which Bassanio describes his spendthrift habits and asks for financial help from Antonio to woo Portia.  Because of Bassanio's detailed knowledge of Venice and seemingly long-term relationships with other Venetians, it is logical to assume that he is a Venetian.

The Prince of Morocco is from Morocco; he is described as a Moor, and most likely would not have a royal position in that region if he were not a native to it.

Arragon is from Spain.  Shakespeare wittingly makes him the most unlikeable suitor because of England's consistently untenable relationship with Spain.  This is also the reason that Arragon chooses the worst casket and ends up with the image of an idiot instead of Portia's hand in marriage.

Identify and explain three elements of science in sociological research.

Sociology is as much of a science as any other branch of science. Though the question refers to specifically three elements of science, sociology has all the elements of science that any other branch of science.

It is possible to classify basic elements of science in many different ways, yielding three or thirty different elements. Perhaps the question is referring to a particular scheme of classifying features of science which has just three elements. As this specific scheme has not been described in the question, I will just describe some major elements of science classified in five basic elements as follows:

1. Observing nature


2. classifying data


3. Using logic


4. Conducting experiments


5. Formulating hypothesis


6. Expressing findings as theories.

Sociology has all these elements of science present in it. Sociologist collect factual data about people, groups, society and behavior of individual in a social context through various means like observation, survey, and observation. Then classify and analyse such data to understand the nature of such the subjects studied and the underlying causes of people and groups behaving as they do. Then they use the insights so gained to draw generalized conclusion about nature of sociological realities., which may be initially proposed as hypothesis and tested further to establish their validity or otherwise. Finally sociologists, formulate theories to capture the essence of their findings. In this way we see that sociology has all the elements of a science.

What does the island look like in Theodore Taylor's novel, The Cay?

    After floating for several days on a small raft following the sinking of their ship in Theodore Taylor's novel, The Cay, Timothy sights a tiny island. It is uninhabited, but it provides Timothy and Phillip safety from the sharks who were ever-present alongside the raft. Timothy describes the isle:

"D'islan' is 'bout one mile long, an' a half wide, shaped like d'melon... D'rise is 'bout forty feet from here."

The beach is "about 40 yards wide in most places, stretching all the way around the island." On the east end, a coral reef extends for several hundred feet. There is no source of fresh water, but there are coconut palms, sea grape trees and "a few lil' lizzard." There are thick vines growing on the north side of the island. The surrounding waters provide plenty of langosta, mussels, and pompano.

Is Connie dreaming? Is Friend a figment of Connie's imagination?"Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been?" by Joyce Carol Oates

While the story "Where Are You Going? Where Have You Been?" is told by a third-person narrator, there are times in which Connie's point of view is used.  For instance, in the exposition, Connie's view of her mother is discussed,

Now her looks were gone, and that was why she was always getting after Connie.

But, Connie "knew she was right at that moment," she thinks one time her mother scolds her.  "She knew she was pretty and that was everything." This selfish perspective of Connie interspersed with the third-person narrator's and the fact that "her mind was all filled with trashy daydreams" along with her confusion between reality and appearance--"Everything about her had two sides to it"--contribute to an ambiguity in the story.  Added to this, the story has no definitive resolution, so there does seem to be a dream-like quality to the narrative.

Of course, there are also two sides to Arnold Friend, whose name can spell "An old Fiend" if the r's are removed from it.  At first, Connie perceives Arnold as a young, hip man; however, his confusion with what slang is current and his appearance of wearing makeup and a wig to hide his age further the unreality of the situations in Oates's narrative.  That he seems to be balancing himself in boots that are too large suggests that Arnold is hoofed, like the devil.  Certainly, Arnold's ability to control Connie's young mind, terrorizing her, suggests the power of a devil.

Because Oates's initial title was "Death and the Maiden," some critics feel that the story is an allegory.  As such, Arnold Friend can certainly play the role of the tempting, duplicitous devil.  Or, he can simply represent the duplicity of Connie and be one of her trashy daydreams that have gone a bit too far psychologically.  Thus, her standing at the door before she opens it to accompany Arnold Friend represents her realization that she has lost any girlish innocence that she may have had:

She watched herself push the door slowly open as if she were safe back somewhere in the other doorway, watching this body and this head of long hair moving out into the sunlight where Arnold Friend waited.

'My sweet little blue-eyed girl,' he said, in a half-sung sigh that had nothing to do with her brown eyes....

Connie has lost the one side of her--her 'blue-eyed' innocence.  Now she is consumed by the evil side with which she originally just flirted; now it is

on all sides of him [Arnold], so much land that Connie had never seen before and did no recognize except to know that she was going to it.

In "To Kill a Mockingbird" why doesn’t Mayella like Atticus calling her “ma’am and “Miss Mayella”?

By the time Mayella takes the stand, her father Bob Ewell has been pretty much proven to be a liar and a bigot.  Even though Atticus was respectful the entire time as he questioned Bob, he still did a very good job of pointing out the evidence that showed that Bob was lying about the entire scenario, and framing an innocent black man for something that he didn't do.  Mayella knew this well enough, and Bob looking stupid and cruel means that she is too, because she is also concocting the same lies.  She resents the fact that Atticus exposed them for their lies, and that he made her father look like a fool.  She is afraid that if she gets up there on the stand, Atticus will also make her look like a fool.

So, when Mayella mounts the stand, it is with hatred and mistrust in her heart towards Atticus.  She is on the defensive, ready to be hurt, offended and angry at anything that Atticus says.  So when Atticus refers to her as a "Miss" and a "Ma'am," she interprets it to mean that Atticus is making fun of her, mocking her, and pointint out her poor status to the eyes of the court.  She thinks he is being sarcastic, or pulling some sort of trick, like he did on her father, to make her look stupid.  She is just so afraid of being exposed, and of saying the wrong thing that she gets confused and baffled at Atticus's kind treatment of her.  It's an interesting reaction to have, but, she is on the defensive and highly sensitive, which is why she misinterpreted his intentions in calling her by respected titles.  I hope that those thoughts help to clear it up a bit; good luck!

What impact has the fossil dating tecnology made on the field of science?

Most methods of dating of artefacts are using techniques based on radioactive properties of certain chemicals. The best known method is based on radiocarbon dating, also known as carbon-14.
Carbon-14 dating allows age determination of biological origin artifacts, not older than 50-60 thousand years. The method is used in particular for dating bones, clothing items, wood and plant fiber products of human activity, in relatively recent past of the planet,from the archaeological point of view.
Carbon-14 which occurs as a result of interactions between Earth's atmosphere and cosmic radiation is combined with atmospheric oxygen giving rise to carbon dioxide atoms, which plants absorb it and store it in plant fibers by photosynthesis.Carbon atoms are present in nature as an overwhelming proportion of the isotope carbon-12, which is not radioactive.The proportion in which the two isotopes are scattered in nature is a constant, at least in the air and within living organisms, plants or animals.
About one in a trillion carbon atoms is of the carbon-14. Although carbon-14 atom decays with a half-life rate constant, cosmic radiation gives rise to others, and thereby preserve the ratio of carbon 14 and carbon-12 within living organisms. The ratio of carbon 14 and carbon-12 is the same for all people, and this proportion is kept in the plants or animals.
When a body dies, taking the carbon-14 from the atmosphere or from the plant or animal food ceases. Reasoning applies to plants, where photosynthesis does not occur. But the process of radioactive decay of carbon-14 already existing in the structure of dead bodies, whether animals or plants, continues.
If the isotope carbon-14 has a half-life of 5700 years, the amount of carbon-12 does not change even after the death of living organisms. Estimating the proportion of atoms of carbon-14 reported carbon-12 atoms in a sample taken from plant or animal remains unearthed in archaeological sites, scientists can estimate the age of the sample with a satisfactory accuracy, so the artifact or human remains, after case.

Cite some ethical and social responsibility that might faced by the small business managers with their environment, customers and...

The wording of this questions is somewhat confusing. Social responsibility is the responsibility towards the society in general and not just towards some specific groups of people such as customers, or some specific issues such as environment. Also, I believe, ethics refers to behaviour resulting from awareness and acceptance of one's responsibilities towards others and sincere efforts to act in line with these responsibilities. There is nothing like ethical responsibilities. Also the general nature of responsibilities of small business managers is no different from those of big business managers. Therefore, I will answer this question by describing responsibilities of managers towards environment, customers, and employees.

Responsibility towards environment:

All managers are responsible to ensure that their company and its employees do not engage in any activities and practices that causes unacceptable damage to the environment. They must also ensure that the products supplied by them do not cause unacceptable environmental damage in the course of their use and disposal by users of the product.

Responsibility towards customer:

• To give customer value for their money. This includes not tempting or tricking customers into buying product they don't need, or buying or using these products in excess of requirements.


• To provide complete and correct information to the customer. This includes not misleading them by dishonest or misleading advertisements.


• To keep the promises made to them.

Responsibility towards employees:

• To be fair to all employees without any favouritism.


• To help employees in developing their potential to the maximum


• To provide fair remuneration and other benefits.


• To provide good working conditions.

What does Jem expect the verdict to be? Does Atticus think the same? What do you expect it to be?

Jem expects a "not guilty" verdict. Throughout the trial, he finds it obvious that Tom is innocent. When Atticus reveals that Mayella was beaten by someone who is left-handed, & Tom has no left arm, Jem whispers "We've got him." He is clearly convinced of Tom's innocence, & thinks everyone else will be as well. When Atticus finds out the children are in the courtroom, he orders them to go home, prompting this conversation:

"Aw, Atticus, let us come back," pleaded Jem. "Please let us hear the verdict, please sir."

"The jury might be out and back in a minute, we don't know--' but we could tell Atticus was relenting. “Well, you've heard it all, so you might as well hear the rest. Tell you what, you all can come back when you've eaten your supper-eat slowly, now, you won't miss anything important-and if the jury's still out, you can wait with us. But I expect it'll be over before you get back."

"You think they'll acquit him that fast?" asked Jem.

Atticus opened his mouth to answer, but shut it and left us.

Thus, Jem clearly expects Tom to be acquitted, but Atticus is not so sure. Atticus knows the disposition of the town, & he knows they don't really have a chance. For him, it's almost enough that Tom got a good lawyer who was willing to fight for him. Otherwise, there would be no question of the verdict. All of this may have gone through Atticus' mind as he opened his mouth, perhaps to tell Jem not to get his hopes up. But he doesn't speak, & chooses to let Jem realize this on his own.

The last question is subjective, but I had no illusions that Tom would be found not guilty. It is established fairly clearly that Maycomb is not progressive or compassionate enough to consider that outcome.

What are the major themes in Look Back in Anger?

Alienation from society is a major theme. The main character, Jimmy Porter, was shut out of a meaningful position, even though he went to an excellent university. He was not born into "the establishment", from a family with connections. Jimmy feels alienated from Alison because she cannot feel deeply and honestly as he can. He refers to her as "Lady Pusillanimous"

Jimmy is deeply angry. He chooses to express his anger specifically at: people he loves because they do not feel passionately. He also is very angry at society because he was promised equality but, in fact, has so few opportunities. He is angry at those who are smug and satisfied in their positions of power and privelege in society.  He is angry because he is so helpless. His helplessness runs deep within him, since he was 10 years old when he watched his father die from fighting toward democracy in the Spanish Civil War.

Provide quotes from chapter 19 of Oliver Twist that reveal some of Bill Sikes' traits.

In Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens, Chapter 19, Bill Sikes behavior and conversation with Fagin portray a number of character traits. All of these character traits are negative except for one. Sikes portrays the good character trait of trust when he refers to Nancy. Fagin wants Nancy to leave the room before he'll discuss details of a robbery with Bill Sikes, but Sikes declares she can be trusted:

"Why, you don't mind the old girl, do you, Fagin?" he asked at length. "You've known her long enough to trust her, or the Devil's in it."

Sikes's other traits are not at all admirable. He demonstrates he is a drunkard by drinking so much that he falls over in mid-project and falls asleep where he lay:

"Mr. Sikes proceeded to drink brandy at a furious rate...than [sic] he fell over the box upon the floor, and went to sleep where he fell."

Sikes is also irrational in thought: His outbursts contradict his feelings and beliefs to the extent that he has to backtrack on his behavior after realizing an error or inconsistency:

"Let 'em hear!" said Sikes; "I don't care." But as Mr. Sikes did care, on reflection, he dropped his voice as he said the words, and grew calmer..."

On top of this he is contemptuous (scorning others) and heartless:

"With a hoarse grunt of contempt, Mr. Sikes seized the glass..."
"I want a boy, and he mustn't be a big un. [Ned]  kept [his boy] small on purpose, and let him out by the job."

Sikes was also violent, angry and mean:

"Frighten him!" echoed Sikes. "It'll be no sham frightening, mind you..."

The character traits Bill Sikes reveals in Chapter 19 of Oliver Twist are all the things to strive in life to not be--except for having trust in a proven friend.