Is Stephen Dedaelus, in A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, a voluntary or involuntary exile?

As Stephen comes of age in Joyce's work, he begins to fully grasp the implications of his "non- serviam credo."  The establishment of his identity and his sense of self allow him to view both himself and his world in different contexts.  As he awakens through age to embrace his conception of himself as an artist, he begins to see that he is increasingly separate from his world.  He is not linked to political struggle, traditionalist forms of religion, and his desire to create a realm where are stands for its own sense of self creates a level of division between himself and society.  The exile that he undergoes as an artist is, thus, both brought on by his embracing of an identity that sees himself as uniquely different from others, and is one that is brought ou by this very difference.  Naturally, he takes the active steps to leave his world and believe in his own sense of self; "old father, old artificer, stand me now and ever in good stead."  However, I think that there are elements of both voluntary and involuntary exile present in his decision to leave.