In my humble opinion, Nathan and Boo represent the affects of negative and evil influences of human nature. Nathan is the older brother and therefore had to live in the house with an abusive father longer than Boo. In the absense of that "father," Nathan becomes that to Boo.
The differences between them are illustrated in Boo's generosity to Scout and Jem by leaving them treats in the knot hole; whereas, Nathan is very territorial and desires no contact with outsiders. His cruelty is demonstrated in plugging the hole, thereby, cutting off Boo's only outlet to the outside world.
The contrast in their characters is demonstrated when Boo leaves what is comfortable in order to help the children at the end of the story. Contrast this with the image the reader has of Nathan as obstinate and cruel and you see the differences in human nature represented within the same family.
The link attached below has a pretty good synopsis of the story and examining the characters in detail. Hope this helps.
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